Risk Assessment of Chlorogenic and Isochlorogenic Acids in Coffee By-Products

Abstract

Chlorogenic and isochlorogenic acids are naturally occurring antioxidant dietary polyphenolic compounds found in high concentrations in plants, fruits, vegetables, coffee, and coffee by-products. The objective of this review was to assess the potential health risks associated with the oral consumption of coffee by-products containing chlorogenic and isochlorogenic acids, considering both acute and chronic exposure. An electronic literature search was conducted, revealing that 5-caffeoylquinic acid (5-CQA) and 3,5-dicaffeoylquinic acid (3,5-DCQA) are the major chlorogenic acids found in coffee by-products. Toxicological, pharmacokinetic, and clinical data from animal and human studies were available for the assessment, which indicated no significant evidence of toxic or adverse effects following acute oral exposure. The current state of knowledge suggests that long-term exposure to chlorogenic and isochlorogenic acids by daily consumption does not appear to pose a risk to human health when observed at doses within the normal range of dietary exposure. As a result, the intake of CQAs from coffee by-products can be considered reasonably safe.

Potential Antioxidant and Anti-Inflammatory Properties of Polyphenolic Compounds from Cirsium japonicum Extract

“…In particular, 3,5-Di-caffeoylquinic acid is formed by condensation of the hydroxy group at positions 3 and 5 of quinic acid and the carboxyl group of trans-caffeic acid. 3,4-Di-caffeoylquinic acid is formed in the same reaction at positions 3 and 4 [39]. 3 ′ -Hydroxycinnamic acid, also called M-coumaric acid, has the molecular formula of C 9 H 8 O 3 [40].…”

Comprehensive Assessment of Coffee Varieties (Coffea arabica L.; Coffea canephora L.) from Coastal, Andean, and Amazonian Regions of Ecuador; A Holistic Evaluation of Metabolism, Antioxidant Capacity and Sensory Attributes

“…Chlorogenic acids, present in coffee, have attracted the attention of several researchers as it has antioxidant, antibacterial, antiviral, antibiotic, anti-inflammatory, and neuroprotective properties. Clinical applications are being developed thanks to their cardiovascular properties in the treatment of hypertension, as its role in plants is an intermediate for the synthesis of lignin [39].…”

Research Progress Regarding the Effect and Mechanism of Dietary Polyphenols in Liver Fibrosis

“…CGA is formed by the condensation of caffeic and quinic acids. It is one of the most abundant phenolic acids in nature and is widely found in fruits, plants, and vegetables such as coffee beans, honeysuckles, tobacco leaves, and kiwi [ 80 ]. CGA inhibits the expression of miR-21, α-SMA, and TIMP-1.…”

“…Silymarin is one of the most effective hepatoprotective compounds found in Silybum marianum (Milk thistle), belonging to the Asteraceae family. Silymarin is a mixture of seven flavonoids, which are called silybin A, silybin B, isosilybin A and isosilybin B, silydianin, silychristin and taxifolin [80,81]. They can reverse…”