Risk assessment of butadiene in ambient air; the approach used in the UK

Fielder, R.J.

doi:10.1016/0300-483x(96)03448-8

Cited by 5 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 7 publications

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“…For example, some countries are taking serious efforts to control emissions of 1,3-butadiene, 22 while others have decided to await more information. 23 The massive evidence on this substance, reported here, should allow no further delays.…”

Section: Policy Implicationsmentioning

confidence: 70%

Childhood cancers and atmospheric carcinogens

Knox¹

2005

J Epidemiol Community Health

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Study objectives: To retest previous findings that childhood cancers are probably initiated by prenatal exposures to combustion process gases and to volatile organic compounds (VOCs); and to identify specific chemical hazards. Design: Birth and death addresses of fatal child cancers in Great Britain between 1966 and 1980, were linked with high local atmospheric emissions of different chemical species. Among migrant children, distances from each address to the nearest emissions ''hotspot'' were compared. Excesses of outward over inward migrations show an increased prenatal or early infancy risk. Setting and subjects: Maps of emissions of many different substances were published on the internet by the National Atmospheric Emissions Inventory and ''hotspots'' for 2001 were translated to map coordinates. Child cancer addresses were extracted from an earlier inquiry into the carcinogenic effects of obstetric radiographs; and their postcodes translated to map references. Main results: Significant birth proximity relative risks were found within 1.0 km of hotspots for carbon monoxide, PM10 particles, VOCs, nitrogen oxides, benzene, dioxins, 1,3-butadiene, and benz(a)pyrene. Calculated attributable risks showed that most child cancers and leukaemias are probably initiated by such exposures. Conclusions: Reported associations of cancer birth places with sites of industrial combustion, VOCs uses, and associated engine exhausts, are confirmed. Newly identified specific hazards include the known carcinogens 1,3-butadiene, dioxins, and benz(a)pyrene. The mother probably inhales these or related materials and passes them to the fetus across the placenta. P revious studies have shown (1) that childhood cancers and leukaemias in Great Britain exhibit geographical clustering of birth places: (2) they occur at increased densities around industrial sites with large scale combustion processes or using volatile organic compounds (VOCs), or which incinerate waste: (3) among children who moved house between birth and death the first addresses were closer to these hazards than were the later ones and migrations were more often directed away from a nearby hazard than towards one.

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Section: Policy Implicationsmentioning

confidence: 70%

Childhood cancers and atmospheric carcinogens

Knox¹

2005

J Epidemiol Community Health

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“…3,4 Benzene (and other VOCs) have been identified as posing a significant risk to human health, particularly in the chronic exposure of workers. [5][6][7][8] Benzene may be present in common reformulated petrol at between 2 and 3%, 9 whereas alkylated petroleum tends to have benzene contents below 1%. 10 The main source of benzene in the UK in 1994 was the petrol combustion engine, 1 contributing 61% of the total emissions.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Untitled

Muir

Hursthouse

Smith

2001

J. Environ. Monitor.

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Benzene (with toluene, ethyl benzene and xylene isomers) concentrations were measured at nine locations in Renfrewshire district between February 1996 and July 1998. Samples were collected by both active and diffusion-based sampling and the compounds were quantified by gas chromatography-flame ionization detection (GC-FID) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The study highlighted the ability of diffusion sampling to provide an effective district-wide assessment of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in urban environmental assessment. Vehicle movement was confirmed as the dominant influence on benzene and associated VOCs in the atmosphere, with strong variations in monthly average concentrations across the study area. For benzene, peak monthly averages were observed on the order of 5-6 ppb v/v, with minimum values of < <0.5 ppb v/v. The impact of a major traffic intervention on benzene levels was followed, and was found to influence atmospheric concentrations over a wide geographical area. An evaluation of the relationship between VOCs and meteorological parameters identified the impact of photo-oxidation and air mass mixing on average atmospheric concentrations.

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Conducting a state-of-the-art risk assessment of 1,3-butadiene

Paustenbach¹

1996

Toxicology

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Risk assessment of butadiene in ambient air; the approach used in the UK

Cited by 5 publications

References 7 publications

Childhood cancers and atmospheric carcinogens

Childhood cancers and atmospheric carcinogens

Untitled

Conducting a state-of-the-art risk assessment of 1,3-butadiene

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