Risk assessment and management of PM2.5-bound heavy metals in the urban area of Kitakyushu, Japan

Xi, Zhang; Eto, Yuko; Aikawa, Masahide

doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.148748

Cited by 60 publications

(32 citation statements)

References 66 publications

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“…Enrichment factor (EF) was used to assess the level of heavy metal contamination in atmospheric particles and method facilitated the separation of heavy metal contribution between natural and anthropogenic origin. The EF by Zhang et al (2021) where calculation is expressed as follows:

where

and

denote the concentration levels of i metal and the iron metal in the sample and crust. Fe was selected as the most common reference in this study ( Pongpiachan et al, 2017 ) and the abundance of the elements' concentration of seven metals in the continental crust (in mg/kg) were obtained from ( Lide, 2004 ).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The geo-accumulation index (

) was used to assess the level of heavy metal contamination by comparing the current concentration with rear levels. The calculation of

index was done by Zhang et al (2021) using Eq. (2)

where

and

represent the concentrated level of the i metal in the sample and background, respectively.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Furthermore, the chemical compositions of PM 2.5 include organic matter, trace elements, water-soluble inorganic ions, inorganic substance, sulfate, nitrate, and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and others ( Chen et al, 2021 ; Cheng et al, 2015 ; Fan et al, 2021 ; Jiang et al, 2018 ; Sajjadi et al, 2018 ; Zhang et al, 2021 ). In particular, a small fraction of particulate matter with aerodynamic equivalent diameter ≤2.5 μm constitutes heavy metals, and is highly toxic even at low concentrations, levels such as Cr, Cd, As, Pb, and Ni ( Baensch-Baltruschat et al, 2020 ; Nirmalkar et al, 2021 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Previous studies shown a linkage between PM 2.5 exposure and toxic heavy metal components having negative adverse health effects ( Liu et al, 2018 ; Zhang et al, 2015 ). Currently, several toxicological studies have pointed out that excessive exposure to heavy metals in PM 2.5 could threaten on human health, causing respiratory and inflammation of lung, cardiovascular disease, heart disease, and cancer ( Xie et al, 2020 ; Xu et al, 2020 ; Zhang et al, 2021 ), specially, the heavy metals and organic pollutants adsorbed by PM 2.5 were risk factors for lung cancer ( Duan et al, 2020 ). Oral ingestion, inhalation, and dermal contact are the main routes of exposure to airborne heavy metals in PM 2.5 ( Hu et al, 2012 ; MohseniBandpi et al, 2018 ; Wang et al, 2020 ; Zhang et al, 2021 ), and are they are easily absorbed by the human body's alveolar, blood, cutaneous, and gastrointestinal systems ( Cao et al, 2012 ; Imani, 2021 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Undoubtedly, the study results show the possibility that adverse health effects are associated with particulate matter exposure bound to toxic heavy metals. To date, the chemical characterization, human health risk assessment, and source apportionment of PM 2.5 -bound heavy metals have been widely studied ( Chen et al, 2021 ; Li et al, 2021b ; Zhang et al, 2021 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Human health risk assessment of PM2.5-bound heavy metal of anthropogenic sources in the Khon Kaen Province of Northeast Thailand

Sakunkoo

Thonglua

Sangkham

et al. 2022

Heliyon

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where

and

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The geo-accumulation index (

) was used to assess the level of heavy metal contamination by comparing the current concentration with rear levels. The calculation of

index was done by Zhang et al (2021) using Eq. (2)

where

and

represent the concentrated level of the i metal in the sample and background, respectively.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 3 more Smart Citations

Human health risk assessment of PM2.5-bound heavy metal of anthropogenic sources in the Khon Kaen Province of Northeast Thailand

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Sangkham

et al. 2022

Heliyon

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Particulate Matter Phytoremediation Capacity of Four Japanese Roadside Green Biofilters

Hammad,

Mikšík,

Thu

et al. 2023

Environmental Science and Engineering

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Pollution characteristics and human health risks of PM2.5-bound heavy metals: a 3-year observation in Suzhou, China

Zhou¹,

Xie²,

Zhao³

et al. 2023

Environ Geochem Health

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This study aimed to analyze the temporal trends, pollution levels, and health risks associated with eleven PM 2.5 -bound heavy metals (Sb, Al, As, Hg, Cd, Cr, Mn, Ni, Pb, Se and Tl). A total of 504 PM 2.5 samples were collected in Suzhou from January 2019 to December 2021. The pollution levels were estimated based on enrichment factors (EFs) which can be used to calculate the enrichment of heavy metals in PM 2.5 and determine whether the concentrations of PM 2.5 -bound heavy metals are influenced by the crustal or anthropogenic sources, and the health risk of PM 2.5 -bound heavy metals via inhalation was assessed following US EPA’s Risk Assessment Guidance for Superfund (RAGS). The annual average concentration of PM 2.5 was 46.76 μg m −3 , which was higher than the WHO recommended limit of 5 μg m −3 . The average of the sum of eleven PM 2.5 -bound heavy metals was 180.61 ng m −3 , dominated by Al, Mn, and Pb. The concentration of PM 2.5 in 2020 was significantly lower than that in 2019 and 2021. The PM 2.5 and PM 2.5 -bound heavy metal concentrations in winter and spring were significantly higher than those in autumn and summer. The EF of As, Cr, Cd, Hg, Ni, Pb, Sb, Mn, Se, and Tl was higher than 10, indicating they were mainly from anthropogenic sources. Exposure to a single non-carcinogenic heavy metal via inhalation was unlikely to cause non-carcinogenic effects (HQ < 1), but the integrated non-carcinogenic risks should be taken seriously (HI > 1). The cumulative carcinogenic risks from the carcinogenic elements were exceeding the lower limit (1 × 10 −6 ) of the acceptable risk range. The carcinogenic risks of As and Cr(VI) contributed 60.98% and 26.77%, respectively, which were regarded as two key carcinogenic risk factors. Overall, the government policies and countermeasures for the PM 2.5 pollution control should be performed not only based on the PM 2.5 concentration but also based on the PM 2.5 -bound heavy metals and their health risks for the local residents.

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Risk assessment and management of PM2.5-bound heavy metals in the urban area of Kitakyushu, Japan

Cited by 60 publications

References 66 publications

Human health risk assessment of PM2.5-bound heavy metal of anthropogenic sources in the Khon Kaen Province of Northeast Thailand

Human health risk assessment of PM2.5-bound heavy metal of anthropogenic sources in the Khon Kaen Province of Northeast Thailand

Particulate Matter Phytoremediation Capacity of Four Japanese Roadside Green Biofilters

Pollution characteristics and human health risks of PM2.5-bound heavy metals: a 3-year observation in Suzhou, China

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