Risk and resilience factors associated with posttraumatic stress in ethno-racially diverse National Guard members in Hawai׳i

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“…Whealin and colleagues report significant findings at the early stage of the development of this variable. They found that stronger FNAD were associated with more PTSD symptoms reported (Whealin et al, 2013(Whealin et al, , 2015. However, their study findings were somewhat different from findings in the literature about the lower prevalence of reported mental health problems related to family norms among Asian Americans (Abe- Kim et al, 2007;Guo et al, 2015).…”

“…Some studies have shown no significant relation between the two variables (Bang, 1998;Greenidge, 2007;Mo et al, 2006), while other studies involving Asian immigrants have shown that higher levels of acculturation are related to greater willingness to disclose trauma and mental health concerns (Fung and Wong, 2007;Thikeo et al, 2015). Whealin et al (2013Whealin et al ( , 2015 found that stronger FNAD among Asian Americans were correlated with more reported posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms. On the other hand, other studies (Abe- Kim et al, 2007;Abdullah and Brown, 2011;Guo et al, 2015) have demonstrated that stronger family norms against disclosing mental problems are correlated with lower psychological distress and mental health problems among Asian Americans.…”

“…The variable of family norms against disclosure (FNAD) of mental health problems was developed as a result of an extensive literature review and focus groups of ethnoracially diverse military veterans in Hawaii exploring their cultural beliefs about mental health and barriers to care (Whealin et al, 2008). This measure is comprised of a single-item question: "People in my family do not talk about mental health problems with people outside of my family'' (Whealin et al, 2013(Whealin et al, , 2015. Respondents rate their agreement on a 5-point scale ranging from 1 (strongly disagree) to 5 (strongly agree).…”

“…The variable of FNAD needs to be further explored and tested in order to fully identify its critical elements. This variable was recently tested by Whealin et al (2013Whealin et al ( , 2015. Whealin and colleagues report significant findings at the early stage of the development of this variable.…”

Prevalence and risk factors for post‐traumatic stress disorder in Japanese relatives of out‐of‐hospital cardiac arrest patients after receiving a pamphlet concerning the grieving process

“…Whealin et al reported results of a study that examined risk and resilience factors associated with PTSD in an ethnoracially diverse sample of Hawaii National Guard members comprised of Native Hawaiians, Filipino Americans, Japanese Americans, and European Americans. 22 As a result, when controlling for other variables, they identified that Japanese Americans had an inverse relation to PTSD when compared to other nationalities. This difference of ethnicity in relation to tolerance for stress could explain low prevalence of PTSD after bereavement in this study.…”