Rising report of Plasmodium vivax in sub-Saharan Africa: Implications for malaria elimination agenda

Oboh, Mary Aigbiremo; Oyebola, Kolapo; Idowu, Emmanuel Taiwo; Badiane, Aïda Sadikh; Otubanjo, Olubunmi Adetoro; Ndiaye, Daouda

doi:10.1016/j.sciaf.2020.e00596

Cited by 12 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 86 publications

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“…; Obaldia et al., 2018 ; Silva-Filho et al., 2020 ; Kho et al., 2021 ). There are an increasing number of reports of P. vivax infections now being detected with sensitive tools in Sub-Saharan Africa where it was long thought to have been absent due to the high proportion of Duffy-negative phenotype in the population ( Culleton et al., 2009 ; Oboh et al., 2020 ; Quaye et al., 2021 ; Wilairatana et al., 2022 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Furthermore, recent studies suggest a much more widespread reservoir of P. vivax transmission, with a potential role for extravascular niches where the parasite can survive while it is not detected (Dechavanne et al;Obaldia et al, 2018;Silva-Filho et al, 2020;Kho et al, 2021). There are an increasing number of reports of P. vivax infections now being detected with sensitive tools in Sub-Saharan Africa where it was long thought to have been absent due to the high proportion of Duffy-negative phenotype in the population (Culleton et al, 2009;Oboh et al, 2020;Quaye et al, 2021;Wilairatana et al, 2022).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Novel highly-multiplexed AmpliSeq targeted assay for Plasmodium vivax genetic surveillance use cases at multiple geographical scales

Kattenberg

Nguyen

et al. 2022

Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol.

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Although the power of genetic surveillance tools has been acknowledged widely, there is an urgent need in malaria endemic countries for feasible and cost-effective tools to implement in national malaria control programs (NMCPs) that can generate evidence to guide malaria control and elimination strategies, especially in the case of Plasmodium vivax. Several genetic surveillance applications (‘use cases’) have been identified to align research, technology development, and public health efforts, requiring different types of molecular markers. Here we present a new highly-multiplexed deep sequencing assay (Pv AmpliSeq). The assay targets the 33-SNP vivaxGEN-geo panel for country-level classification, and a newly designed 42-SNP within-country barcode for analysis of parasite dynamics in Vietnam and 11 putative drug resistance genes in a highly multiplexed NGS protocol with easy workflow, applicable for many different genetic surveillance use cases. The Pv AmpliSeq assay was validated using: 1) isolates from travelers and migrants in Belgium, and 2) routine collections of the national malaria control program at sentinel sites in Vietnam. The assay targets 229 amplicons and achieved a high depth of coverage (mean 595.7 ± 481) and high accuracy (mean error-rate of 0.013 ± 0.007). P. vivax parasites could be characterized from dried blood spots with a minimum of 5 parasites/µL and 10% of minority-clones. The assay achieved good spatial specificity for between-country prediction of origin using the 33-SNP vivaxGEN-geo panel that targets rare alleles specific for certain countries and regions. A high resolution for within-country diversity in Vietnam was achieved using the designed 42-SNP within-country barcode that targets common alleles (median MAF 0.34, range 0.01-0.49. Many variants were detected in (putative) drug resistance genes, with different predominant haplotypes in the pvmdr1 and pvcrt genes in different provinces in Vietnam. The capacity of the assay for high resolution identity-by-descent (IBD) analysis was demonstrated and identified a high rate of shared ancestry within Gia Lai Province in the Central Highlands of Vietnam, as well as between the coastal province of Binh Thuan and Lam Dong. Our approach performed well in geographically differentiating isolates at multiple spatial scales, detecting variants in putative resistance genes, and can be easily adjusted to suit the needs in other settings in a country or region. We prioritize making this tool available to researchers and NMCPs in endemic countries to increase ownership and ensure data usage for decision-making and malaria policy.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Novel highly-multiplexed AmpliSeq targeted assay for Plasmodium vivax genetic surveillance use cases at multiple geographical scales

Kattenberg

Nguyen

et al. 2022

Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol.

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“…In 2020, the World Health Organization (WHO) estimated that malaria contributed to cause 241 million cases and 627,000 deaths [ 1 ]. Most malaria cases were caused by Plasmodium falciparum , while recently the prevalence and severity of Plasmodium vivax malaria cases has shown a sharp increment [ 2 ]. Plasmodium vivax is a Plasmodium species capable to survive even in temperate climates, which explains its wider range of geographical distribution than other species [ 3 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Vivax malaria in Duffy-negative patients shows invariably low asexual parasitaemia: implication towards malaria control in Ethiopia

Abate

Bouyssou

Mabilotte

et al. 2022

Malar J

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Background The increase in detections of Plasmodium vivax infection in Duffy-negative individuals in Africa has challenged the dogma establishing the unique P. vivax Duffy Binding Protein-Duffy antigen receptor for chemokines (PvDBP-DARC) pathway used by P. vivax merozoites to invade reticulocytes. Information on the impact of Duffy antigen polymorphisms on the epidemiology of P. vivax malaria remains elusive. The objective of this study was to determine the distribution of asexual parasitaemia of P. vivax according to the Duffy antigen polymorphisms in Ethiopia. Methods DNA was extracted from dried blood spots (DBS) collected from prospectively recruited 138 P. vivax-infected patients from health centres. The identification and estimation of P. vivax asexual parasitaemia were performed by microscopic examination and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Duffy genotyping was conducted by DNA sequencing in a total of 138 P.vivax infected samples. Results The proportion of Duffy-negatives (FY*BES/FY*BES) in P. vivax infected patients was 2.9% (4/138). Duffy genotype FY*B/FY*BES (48.6%) was the most common, followed by FY*A/FY*BES genotype (25.4%). In one patient, the FY*02 W.01/FY*02 N.01 genotype conferring a weak expression of the Fyb antigen was observed. All P.vivax infected Duffy-negative patients showed low asexual parasitaemia (≤ 110 parasites/µL). The median P. vivax parasitaemia in Duffy-negative patients (53 parasites/µL) was significantly lower than those found in homozygous and heterozygous individuals (P < 0.0001). Conclusion Plasmodium vivax in Duffy-negative patients shows invariably low asexual parasitaemia. This finding suggests that the pathway used by P. vivax to invade Duffy-negative reticulocytes is much less efficient than that used in Duffy-positives. Moreover, the low asexual parasitaemia observed in Duffy-negative individuals could constitute an ‘undetected silent reservoir', thus likely delaying the elimination of vivax malaria in Ethiopia.

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“…Given the quality of interventions, co-endemicity of parasites, and climatic conditions, recurrence remains a formidable problem in sub-Saharan Africa [71]. Recrudescence of P. falciparum 13 years after exposure of a woman was reported in Liberia.…”

Section: Sub-saharan Africamentioning

confidence: 99%

Biology and Epidemiology of Malaria Recurrence: Implication for Control and Elimination

Alemayehu¹

2022

Infectious Diseases

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Malaria recurrence not only increases its clinical episodes, but also sustains transmission. It significantly contributes to a high burden of malaria and impedes elimination. Malaria recurrence can be due to reinfection, relapse, or recrudescence. Based on the type of recurrence, parasites exhibit similar or dissimilar genotypes compared to the genotype involved in initial infection. This review aimed at showing a comprehensive overview of malaria recurrence. Molecular techniques, such as real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR), nested PCR, multiplex PCR, and sequencing, help to characterize malaria recurrence. However, these tools are hardly accessible in malaria-endemic areas and are unable to detect liver hypnozoites. Moreover, PCR is unable to adequately differentiate between relapse and reinfection of P. vivax. Recurrent malaria, particularly relapse, accounts for major portion of malaria prevalence. Through renewed parasitemia, recurrence remained as a daunting public health problem. More works remain to overcome the challenges of recurrence in efforts to control and eliminate malaria. Limited understanding of malaria recurrence impedes the development of robust tools and strategies for effective mitigation. Continued biological and epidemiological studies help unravel the persistent complexities of malaria recurrence and develop ideal tool to fight malaria.

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Rising report of Plasmodium vivax in sub-Saharan Africa: Implications for malaria elimination agenda

Cited by 12 publications

References 86 publications

Novel highly-multiplexed AmpliSeq targeted assay for Plasmodium vivax genetic surveillance use cases at multiple geographical scales

Novel highly-multiplexed AmpliSeq targeted assay for Plasmodium vivax genetic surveillance use cases at multiple geographical scales

Vivax malaria in Duffy-negative patients shows invariably low asexual parasitaemia: implication towards malaria control in Ethiopia

Biology and Epidemiology of Malaria Recurrence: Implication for Control and Elimination

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