Rise of the Pigs: Utilization of the Porcine Model to Study Musculoskeletal Biomechanics and Tissue Engineering During Skeletal Growth

Cone, Stephanie G.; Warren, Paul B.; Fisher, Matthew B.

doi:10.1089/ten.tec.2017.0227

Cited by 63 publications

(38 citation statements)

References 104 publications

(112 reference statements)

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“…The difference with respect to human PT (Blevins et al, 1994;Butler et al, 1986;Chandrashekar et al, 2012;Flahiff et al, 1995;Haraldsson et al, 2005;Haut and Powlison, 1990;Johnson et al, 1994;O'Brien et al, 2010;Stäubli et al, 1999) may be attributed to the difference in anatomy; in addition to patellar tendon, bovine stifle joint has two other tendons connecting patella to tibia, whereas the human knee has only the patellar tendon connecting patella to tibia. However, animals, especially bovine, remain typical when studying the musculoskeletal biomechanics (Cone et al, 2017).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparison of elastic, viscoelastic and failure tensile material properties of knee ligaments and patellar tendon

Ristaniemi

Stenroth

Mikkonen

et al. 2018

Journal of Biomechanics

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The knee ligaments and patellar tendon function in concert with each other and other joint tissues, and are adapted to their specific physiological function via geometry and material properties. However, it is not well known how the viscoelastic and quasi-static material properties compare between the ligaments. The purpose of this study was to characterize and compare these material properties between the knee ligaments and patellar tendon. Dumbbell-shaped tensile test samples were cut from bovine knee ligaments (ACL, LCL, MCL, PCL) and patellar tendon (PT) and subjected to tensile testing (n = 10 per ligament type). A sinusoidal loading test was performed at 8% strain with 0.5% strain amplitude using 0.1, 0.5 and 1 Hz frequencies. Subsequently, an ultimate tensile test was performed to investigate the stress-strain characteristics. At 0.1 Hz, the phase difference between stress and strain was higher in LCL compared with ACL, PCL and PT (p < 0.05), and at 0.5 Hz that was higher in LCL compared with all other ligaments and PT (p < 0.05). PT had the longest toe-region strain (p < 0.05 compared with PCL and MCL) and MCL had the highest linear and strain-dependent modulus, and toughness (p < 0.05 compared with ACL, LCL and PT). The results indicate that LCL is more viscous than other ligaments at low-frequency loads. MCL was the stiffest and toughest, and its modulus increased most steeply at the toe-region, possibly implying a greater amount of collagen. This study improves the knowledge about elastic, viscoelastic and failure properties of the knee ligaments and PT.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparison of elastic, viscoelastic and failure tensile material properties of knee ligaments and patellar tendon

Ristaniemi

Stenroth

Mikkonen

et al. 2018

Journal of Biomechanics

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“…In this study, bovine ACL samples were used due to easy availability, ethical issues and good comparability with respect to human ACL. Animal models are typical in musculoskeletal biomechanics studies (Cone et al, 2017) and among commonly used large animal models, the anatomy of bovine knee ligaments was found to be the most corresponding to human ligaments (Proffen et al, 2012). The collagen content of human knee joint ligaments (Mow and Huiskes, 2005) is also comparable to that of bovine ligaments (Eleswarapu et al, 2011).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The effect of different preconditioning protocols on repeatability of bovine ACL stress-relaxation response in tension

Ebrahimi

Mohammadi

Ristaniemi

et al. 2019

Journal of the Mechanical Behavior of Biomedical Materials

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Mechanical characterization of soft tissues such as ligaments remains challenging. There is variability in the measured material parameters of ligaments, most of which is related to natural tissue variability, but some of it can be a result of using different testing protocols. Generally preconditioning (cyclic loading-unloading) is performed prior to actual tests to reduce the experimental variability. Commonly, preconditioning protocols for ligaments with a small strain level and 10 sinusoidal loading-unloading cycles are used. The effect of preconditioning and its parameters including strain level, number of cycles and number of 1 contributed equally to this study. preconditioning repetitions on the repeatability of tensile stress-relaxation tests are poorly known for knee ligaments. In the present study, forty-eight dumbbell-shaped bovine anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) samples were used to evaluate the repeatability of stress-relaxation response. Different preconditioning protocols with 2% and 6% strain levels and 1, 5 or 10 preconditioning repetitions were applied. After preconditioning, one-step stress-relaxation test was carried out twice with an hour resting period in between the tests. The equilibrium stress showed no systematic bias when only one preconditioning repetition was applied (2.0±3.1% difference and p>0.05 between repeated tests). Systematic bias in the peak-toequilibrium stress ratio was not observed when higher strain level and number of repetitions were used (0.5±1.6% difference and p>0.05 between repeated tests). In conclusion, the commonly used preconditioning protocol is capable of producing repeatable equilibrium stress levels of bovine ACLs from stress-relaxation tests in tension. However, if repeatable peak-to-equilibrium stress ratio is desirable, higher strain and number of preconditioning repetitions are recommended.

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“…For the deepest wound seen in this study (41 mm) there would be a greater risk of more serious, unstable, vertebral fractures involving the vertebral body for humans. The skeletal immaturity of the pig means that the bone is more pliable than humans which could give the pig barrel greater resistance to fracture 32,33 .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A preliminary study into injuries due to non-perforating ballistic impacts into soft body armour over the spine

Jennings

Malbon

Brock

et al. 2018

Injury

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The UK Home Office test method for ballistic protective police body armours considers anterior torso impacts to be the worst-case scenario and tests rear armour panels to the same standards as front panels. The aim of this paper was to examine the injuries from spinal behind armour blunt trauma (BABT) impacts. This study used a cadaveric 65 kg, female pig barrel and 9 mm Luger ammunition (9 × 19 mm, FMJ Nammo Lapur Oy) into HG1/A + KR1 soft armour panels over the spine. Injuries were inspected and sections removed for x-radiography and micro-CT assessment. All shots over the spine resulted in deep soft tissue injuries from pencilling of the armour and the shirt worn under the armour. The wounds had embedded fabric debris which would require surgery to remove resulting in increased recovery time over injuries usually seen in anterior torso BABT impacts, which are typically haematoma and fractured ribs. The shot with the deepest soft tissue wound (41 mm) also resulted in a fractured spinous process. Shots were also fired at the posterior and anterior rib area of the pig barrel, for comparison to the spine. Similar wounds were seen on the shots to the posterior rib area while shallower, smaller wounds were seen on the anterior and one anterior rib shot resulted in a single, un-displaced rib fracture. The anatomical differences between pigs and humans would most likely mean that injury to a human from these impacts would be more serious.

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Rise of the Pigs: Utilization of the Porcine Model to Study Musculoskeletal Biomechanics and Tissue Engineering During Skeletal Growth

Cited by 63 publications

References 104 publications

Comparison of elastic, viscoelastic and failure tensile material properties of knee ligaments and patellar tendon

Comparison of elastic, viscoelastic and failure tensile material properties of knee ligaments and patellar tendon

The effect of different preconditioning protocols on repeatability of bovine ACL stress-relaxation response in tension

A preliminary study into injuries due to non-perforating ballistic impacts into soft body armour over the spine

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