Rise and Fall of Species Occupancy in Cenozoic Fossil Mollusks

Foote, Michael; Crampton, James S.; Beu, Alan G.; Marshall, Bruce A.; Cooper, Roger A.; Maxwell, Phillip A.; Matcham, Iain

doi:10.1126/science.1146303

Cited by 144 publications

(185 citation statements)

References 19 publications

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“…Furthermore, range sizes have been shown to vary systematically over the geologic history of lineages (Foote 2007;Foote et al 2007;Liow and Stenseth 2007;Liow et al 2010;Tietje and Kiessling 2013), with many lineages exhibiting protracted intervals of range expansion and contraction separated by short-lived peaks in range size, which could also result in little phylogenetic structure to range size. Among Devonian terebratulide genera, however, we show that the distribution of geographic range sizes over the phylogeny is consistent with that expected if range size was evolving under Brownian motion over the Devonian history of the clade.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Phylogenetic signal in extinction selectivity in Devonian terebratulide brachiopods

Harnik¹,

Fitzgerald²,

Payne³

et al. 2014

Paleobiology

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Determining which biological traits affect taxonomic durations is critical for explaining macroevolutionary patterns. Two approaches are commonly used to investigate the associations between traits and durations and/or extinction and origination rates: analyses of taxonomic occurrence patterns in the fossil record and comparative phylogenetic analyses, predominantly of extant taxa. By capitalizing upon the empirical record of past extinctions, paleontological data avoid some of the limitations of existing methods for inferring extinction and origination rates from molecular phylogenies. However, most paleontological studies of extinction selectivity have ignored phylogenetic relationships because there is a dearth of phylogenetic hypotheses for diverse non-vertebrate higher taxa in the fossil record. This omission inflates the degrees of freedom in statistical analyses and leaves open the possibility that observed associations are indirect, reflecting shared evolutionary history rather than the direct influence of particular traits on durations. Here we investigate global patterns of extinction selectivity in Devonian terebratulide brachiopods and compare the results of taxonomic vs. phylogenetic approaches. Regression models that assume independence among taxa provide support for a positive association between geographic range size and genus duration but do not indicate an association between body size and genus duration. Brownian motion models of trait evolution identify significant similarities in body size, range size, and duration among closely related terebratulide genera. We use phylogenetic regression to account for shared evolutionary history and find support for a significant positive association between range size and duration among terebratulides that is also phylogenetically structured. The estimated range size–duration relationship is moderately weaker in the phylogenetic analysis due to the down-weighting of closely related genera that were both broadly distributed and long lived; however, this change in slope is not statistically significant. These results provide evidence for the phylogenetic conservatism of organismal and emergent traits, yet also the general phylogenetic independence of the relationship between range size and duration.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Phylogenetic signal in extinction selectivity in Devonian terebratulide brachiopods

Harnik¹,

Fitzgerald²,

Payne³

et al. 2014

Paleobiology

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“…Third, as demonstrated by a recent analysis of Cenozoic mollusks from New Zealand, species and genera exhibit a limited interval of peak abundance, followed by a long decline to extinction. In this system at least, the species at greatest risk of extinction are those already in decline (21), although this does not appear to hold true during mass extinctions that may truncate ranges (22). Fourth, mass extinction events periodically upset these patterns, and particularly at the end-Permian mass extinction, trigger pervasive changes in patterns of ecological and evolutionary dominance.…”

Section: Metrics For the Loss Of Evolutionary Historymentioning

confidence: 99%

Extinction as the loss of evolutionary history

Erwin

2008

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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Current plant and animal diversity preserves at most 1-2% of the species that have existed over the past 600 million years. But understanding the evolutionary impact of these extinctions requires a variety of metrics. The traditional measurement is loss of taxa (species or a higher category) but in the absence of phylogenetic information it is difficult to distinguish the evolutionary depth of different patterns of extinction: the same species loss can encompass very different losses of evolutionary history. Furthermore, both taxic and phylogenetic measures are poor metrics of morphologic disparity. Other measures of lost diversity include: functional diversity, architectural components, behavioral and social repertoires, and developmental strategies. The canonical five mass extinctions of the Phanerozoic reveals the loss of different, albeit sometimes overlapping, aspects of loss of evolutionary history. The end-Permian mass extinction (252 Ma) reduced all measures of diversity. The same was not true of other episodes, differences that may reflect their duration and structure. The construction of biodiversity reflects similarly uneven contributions to each of these metrics. Unraveling these contributions requires greater attention to feedbacks on biodiversity and the temporal variability in their contribution to evolutionary history. Taxic diversity increases after mass extinctions, but the response by other aspects of evolutionary history is less well studied. Earlier views of postextinction biotic recovery as the refilling of empty ecospace fail to capture the dynamics of this diversity increase.biodiversity ͉ morphologic disparity ͉ ecosystem engineering

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“…Thus, existing studies do not readily allow direct comparisons of past losses of EH with those predicted for anthropogenic extinctions. Although temporal durations of species in the fossil record are more difficult to estimate reliably than those of higher taxa (23), a number of paleontological studies have used fossil species successfully to test important evolutionary and biogeographic hypotheses (21,(51)(52)(53)(54)(55)(56) as well as various aspects of the extinction process (57)(58)(59). With the increasing availability of large, taxonomically standardized paleontological databases, analyses of age selectivity of extinctions at the species level, such as the one undertaken here, are now feasible, especially on regional scales.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Fossils, phylogenies, and the challenge of preserving evolutionary history in the face of anthropogenic extinctions

Huang

Goldberg

Roy

2015

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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Anthropogenic impacts are endangering many long-lived species and lineages, possibly leading to a disproportionate loss of existing evolutionary history (EH) in the future. However, surprisingly little is known about the loss of EH during major extinctions in the geological past, and thus we do not know whether human impacts are pruning the tree of life in a manner that is unique in the history of life. A major impediment to comparing the loss of EH during past and current extinctions is the conceptual difference in how ages are estimated from paleontological data versus molecular phylogenies. In the former case the age of a taxon is its entire stratigraphic range, regardless of how many daughter taxa it may have produced; for the latter it is the time to the most recent common ancestor shared with another extant taxon. To explore this issue, we use simulations to understand how the loss of EH is manifested in the two data types. We also present empirical analyses of the marine bivalve clade Pectinidae (scallops) during a major Plio-Pleistocene extinction in California that involved a preferential loss of younger species. Overall, our results show that the conceptual difference in how ages are estimated from the stratigraphic record versus molecular phylogenies does not preclude comparisons of age selectivities of past and present extinctions. Such comparisons not only provide fundamental insights into the nature of the extinction process but should also help improve evolutionarily informed models of conservation prioritization.extinction | phylogenetic diversity | phylogeny | fossil record | bivalves E xtinction of any species or higher taxon invariably results in some loss of existing evolutionary history (EH), but a major concern about extinctions driven by anthropogenic impacts is that they may remove a disproportionately large amount of such history (1-3). In groups as varied as birds, mammals, and plants, studies have shown that extinctions of species currently on the International Union for the Conservation of Nature Red List of Threatened Species would lead to a much larger loss of EH than expected under randomly distributed extinction of the same number of species (4-6). This disproportionate loss of EH stems from phylogenetic clustering of anthropogenic extinctions (1) with a bias toward the loss of species-poor and geologically old taxa (7-9). Such predictions, along with the realization that not all species currently threatened by human activities can be saved, have motivated the development of various strategies for minimizing the loss of EH (8, 10, 11). These approaches primarily target lineages that are old but species poor in an attempt to protect large amounts of EH and, presumably, also unique traits and functions that may affect future evolutionary potential (10,12).Although the disproportionate loss of EH caused by anthropogenic extinctions is increasingly evident, surprisingly little is known about the loss of EH during extinctions in the geological past. The rich archive of extinctions pres...

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Rise and Fall of Species Occupancy in Cenozoic Fossil Mollusks

Cited by 144 publications

References 19 publications

Phylogenetic signal in extinction selectivity in Devonian terebratulide brachiopods

Phylogenetic signal in extinction selectivity in Devonian terebratulide brachiopods

Extinction as the loss of evolutionary history

Fossils, phylogenies, and the challenge of preserving evolutionary history in the face of anthropogenic extinctions

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