Main roles in the EIA process Typical expectations of the EIA process Lawmakers Create and change laws and regulations; learn from past regulatory experience; disclose information to society. Procedural efficiency; adherence to partisan and/or voters' values. Judicial Bodies Various judicial bodies are required to engage in EIAs when conflicts escalate. Their roles include judicial review; hermeneutics; meetings; public hearings; court ruling; etc. Fairness; consistency; transparency; access to information; openness to contradictory perspectives, etc. Researchers or Scholars Researchers have long been studying EIA theory and practice. Their roles include characterization of practice; proposals of new approaches to EIA; theorization of EIA; collection of empirical data; dissemination of practice; capacity-building; etc. At times, researchers act as practitioners taking the roles of consultants, independent verifiers, reviewers, etc. Effectiveness of practice (procedural, substantive, transactive, normative, etc.); access of information to conduct studies; adherence to best practice; comparability; empirical value for future studies.