Rinderpest and Other Animal Morbillivirus Infections: Comparative Aspects and Recent Developments

Haas, Ludwig; Barrett, Thomas

doi:10.1111/j.1439-0450.1996.tb00333.x

Cited by 14 publications

(21 citation statements)

References 44 publications

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“…2, DMV antigen and/or RNA was found in lung, intestine, spleen, and lymph nodes, which corresponds with the subacute systemic phase of morbillivirus infection in terrestrial species and in marine mammals. 15,17 The marked lymphoid depletion in spleen and lymph nodes is well known as the primary effect of morbillivirus infection, resulting in immunosuppression and allowing facultative pathogens such as Bordetella bronchiseptica to cause severe disease.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Is Dolphin Morbillivirus Virulent for White-Beaked Dolphins (Lagenorhynchus albirostris)?

Elk

Bildt²,

Jauniaux

et al. 2014

Vet Pathol

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The virulence of morbilliviruses for toothed whales (odontocetes) appears to differ according to host species. In 4 species of odontocetes, morbilliviruses are highly virulent, causing large-scale epizootics with high mortality. In 8 other species of odontocetes, including white-beaked dolphins (Lagenorhynchus albirostris), morbilliviruses have been found as an incidental infection. In these species, the virulence of morbilliviruses is not clear. Therefore, the admission of 2 white-beaked dolphins with morbillivirus infection into a rehabilitation center provided a unique opportunity to investigate the virulence of morbillivirus in this species. By phylogenetic analysis, the morbilliviruses in both animals were identified as a dolphin morbillivirus (DMV) most closely related to that detected in a white-beaked dolphin in Germany in 2007. Both animals were examined clinically and pathologically. Case No. 1 had a chronic neural DMV infection, characterized by polioencephalitis in the cerebrum and morbillivirus antigen expression limited to neurons and glial cells. Surprisingly, no nervous signs were observed in this animal during the 6 months before death. Case No. 2 had a subacute systemic DMV infection, characterized by interstitial pneumonia, leucopenia, lymphoid depletion, and DMV antigen expression in mononuclear cells and syncytia in the lung and in mononuclear cells in multiple lymphoid organs. Cause of death was not attributed to DMV infection in either animal. DMV was not detected in 2 contemporaneously stranded white-beaked dolphins. Stranding rate did not increase in the region. These results suggest that DMV is not highly virulent for white-beaked dolphins.Keywords central nervous system, clinical signs, dolphin, immunohistochemistry, Lagenorhynchus albirostris, lungs, lymph nodes, morbillivirus Morbilliviruses are recently detected pathogens of marine mammals that cause epizootics with high mortalities. Virulence and susceptibility for morbillivirus as well as epidemiology differ among species. For example, phocine distemper virus causes mass mortality in harbor seals (Phoca vitulina), whereas gray seals (Halichoerus grypus) do not develop clinical signs of disease.27 For many odontocete species, including the whitebeaked dolphin (Lagenorhynchus albirostris), virulence and epidemiology of morbillivirus are unclear.The virulence of morbillivirus for odontocetes appears to differ according to host species. They have been responsible for epizootics with high mortalities in bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus), common dolphins (Delphinus delphis), long-finned pilot whales (Globicephala melas), and striped dolphins (Stenella coeruleoalba). 3,8,12,22,30 Morbillivirus infection causes lesions in odontocetes in 2 ways. First, it is a lymphotropic virus, which is highly immunosuppressive and thereby allows preexisting infections to be exacerbated and secondary infections to spread. Second, from the lymphoid tissues, the virus may spread to other tissues, such as the brain and the epithelia of multip...

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Is Dolphin Morbillivirus Virulent for White-Beaked Dolphins (Lagenorhynchus albirostris)?

Elk

Bildt²,

Jauniaux

et al. 2014

Vet Pathol

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“…To date two morbilliviruses, namely MV (35) and Rinderpest virus (3), have been recovered from cDNA. These viruses are closely related and distinct from CDV and phocine distemper virus (PDV) in terms of genome length and sequence homology (6,17,24,34,41).In this study, we have established a rescue system for CDV. We generated a full-length cDNA clone of the CDV strain Onderstepoort [large plaque-forming variant (OND-LP)] and the helper plasmids encoding N, P, and L proteins.…”

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confidence: 99%

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confidence: 99%

Establishment of a Rescue System for Canine Distemper Virus

Gassen¹,

Collins²,

Duprex³

et al. 2000

J Virol

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Canine distemper virus (CDV) has been rescued from a full-length cDNA clone. Besides Measles virus (MV) and Rinderpest virus, a third morbillivirus is now available for genetic analysis using reverse genetics. A plasmid p(؉)CDV was constructed by sequential cloning using the Onderstepoort vaccine strain large-plaque-forming variant. The presence of a T7 promoter allowed transcription of full-length antigenomic RNA by a T7 RNA polymerase, which was provided by a host range mutant of vaccinia virus (MVA-T7). Plasmids expressing the nucleocapsid protein, the phosphoprotein, and the viral RNA-dependent RNA polymerase, also under control of a T7 promoter, have been generated. Infection of HeLa cells with MVA-T7 and subsequent transfection of p(؉)CDV plus the helper plasmids led to syncytium formation and release of infectious recombinant (r) CDV. Comparison of the rescued virus with the parental virus revealed no major differences in the progression of infection or in the shape and size of syncytia. A genetic tag, consisting of two nucleotide changes within the coding region of the L protein, has been identified in the rCDV genome. Expression by rCDV of all the major viral structural proteins has been demonstrated by immunofluorescence.Canine distemper virus (CDV) is an enveloped virus with a monopartite negative-stranded RNA genome. Together with Measles virus (MV) and Rinderpest virus, it belongs to the morbilliviruses which form a serologically closely related genus in the family Paramyxoviridae. CDV primarily affects dogs, but infections of other terrestrial carnivores, in both captivity and the wild, have been reported (1,2,18,21,22,25,26,29,33,36). The mortality rates associated with CDV infection vary among susceptible species and range from 0% in domestic cats to 50% in dogs and 100% in ferrets. One of the currently available vaccines (Onderstepoort strain) efficiently protects dogs, but it is insufficiently attenuated for other species, and high levels of mortality can occur due to its remaining virulence (10). Thus, there is a need to develop more attenuated vaccines for CDV to fully protect susceptible animals.A rescue system for CDV would provide the means to study attenuating effects of defined mutations and might subsequently facilitate generation and examination of new vaccines. Mutations that cause persistence of the virus could also be determined. This system would be useful in gaining a better understanding of CDV infection which can more easily be studied in cell culture and animal models by coexpression of additional reporter genes (e.g., the enhanced green fluorescent protein) from the recombinant viral genome (19,20).The CDV genome is 15,690 nucleotides (nt) in length and consists of a short 3Ј leader region and six genes encoding the N nucleocapsid (N), phospho-(P), matrix (M), fusion (F), hemagglutinin (H) and large (L) proteins (4,5,7,16,32,37,42). They are separated by intergenic regions of 3 nt and are followed by a short 5Ј trailer region. The nonstructural proteins V and C are encoded wit...

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“…MV belongs to the genus Morbillivirus, family Paramyxoviridae and order Mononegavirales. Interestingly, morbilliviruses tend to be restricted to few host species and they share very close genetic, biological, physiopathological and propagation properties [3,4].…”

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confidence: 99%

“…It is one of the most successful pathogens for inter human transmission with, on average, 12-18 people being infected by a single asymptomatic person (i.e., 6-9 times more efficient than the 1918 influenza pandemic virus) [1][2][3]. MV is a human-restricted pathogen that spreads among individuals by release of aerosol droplets [1].…”

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confidence: 99%

New Insights into Measles Virus Propagation: From Entry to Shedding

Gerlier¹,

Grigorov

2010

Future Virol.

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The last decade of research on measles virus entry has provided new clues and concepts on the molecular mechanisms that drive virus entry in distinct tissues, virus propagation in vivo throughout multiple organs and virus exit to ensure epidemic propagation. Novel biochemical and structural information on viral glycoproteins have shed light on how a genotypically variable RNA virus with error-prone RNA polymerase can behave as an immunologically invariant virus for over half a century worldwide. Moreover, the viral attachment protein was found to support efficient retargeting to unnatural cellular receptors, and this led to the design of the first class of retargeted viral vectors possessing an envelope.

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Rinderpest and Other Animal Morbillivirus Infections: Comparative Aspects and Recent Developments

Cited by 14 publications

References 44 publications

Is Dolphin Morbillivirus Virulent for White-Beaked Dolphins (Lagenorhynchus albirostris)?

Is Dolphin Morbillivirus Virulent for White-Beaked Dolphins (Lagenorhynchus albirostris)?

Establishment of a Rescue System for Canine Distemper Virus

New Insights into Measles Virus Propagation: From Entry to Shedding

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