RIN transfer in 2nd-order distributed amplification with ultralong fiber lasers

Alcón-Camas, M.; Ania-Castañón, Juan Diego

doi:10.1364/oe.18.023569

Cited by 31 publications

(15 citation statements)

References 13 publications

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“…Interestingly, RIN transfer seems to saturate for FW pump ratios above 50%, so further increasing FW pump power does not greatly affect performance. Numerical simulations following the model presented in [14,15] were used to investigate this behavior for FW pump ratios above 40%. The results, including the effects of depletion, attenuation, Rayleigh backscattering, ASE and using the actual measured output RIN of the pump lasers, are presented in Fig.…”

Section: Cavity Characterizationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Impact of input FBG reflectivity and forward pump power on RIN transfer in ultralong Raman laser amplifiers

et al. 2016

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Relative intensity noise transfer from the pump to the signal in 2nd-order ultra-long Raman laser amplifiers for telecommunications is characterized numerically and experimentally. Our results showcase the need for careful adjustment of the front FBG reflectivity and the relative contribution of forward pump power, and their impact on performance. Finally, our analysis is verified through a 10 × 30 GBaud DP-QPSK transmission experiment, showing a large Q factor penalty associated with the combination of high forward pumping and high reflectivities.

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Section: Cavity Characterizationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Impact of input FBG reflectivity and forward pump power on RIN transfer in ultralong Raman laser amplifiers

et al. 2016

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“…To be able to provide considerable gain levels to long range systems, nowadays it is often necessary to resort to Raman fiber laser pumps which unfortunately introduce large amounts of RIN. These Raman amplifier sources, whether First-or Second-order, present considerable intensity fluctuations that lead to time-dependent variations on the produced Raman gain and end up being imprinted on the BOTDA probe [28,29,30]. The strength of the RIN transfer depends both on the gain (pumping level used) and the length of the fiber.…”

Section: Raman Amplificationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Limits of BOTDA Range Extension Techniques

et al. 2016

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Abstract-Brillouin-based temperature and strain sensors have attracted great attention of both the academic and industrial sectors in the past few decades due to their ability to perform distributed measurements. Particularly, Brillouin Optical Time Domain Analysis (BOTDA) systems have been applied in many different scenarios, proving particularly useful in those requiring especially wide coverage ranging extremely long distances, such as in civil structure monitoring, energy transportation or environmental applications. The extension of the measuring range in these sensors has therefore become one of the main areas of research and development around BOTDA. To do so, it is necessary to increase the Signal to Noise Ratio (SNR) of the retrieved signal. So far, several techniques have been applied in order to achieve this goal, such as pre-amplification before detection, pulse coding or Raman amplification. Here, we analyze these techniques in terms of their performance limits and provide guidelines that can assist in finding out which is the best configuration to break current range limitations. Our analysis is based on physical arguments as well as current literature results.Index Terms-Brillouin scattering, distributed optic fiber sensing, distributed Raman scattering, optical fibers, optical pulse coding. I. INTRODUCTIONMONG the different available techniques to perform distributed measurements of strain and temperature, Brillouin Optical Time-Domain Analysis (BOTDA) [1,2] is presently recognized as one of the most consolidated. This fiber sensing technology is widely used in different application domains (civil engineering, pipelines, fire detection, etc.). BOTDA technology finds its root on the non-linear optical effect occurring in optical fibers and called Stimulated Brillouin Scattering (SBS) [3]. SBS is an acousto-optic process that manifests as a narrowband amplification of a probe beam when an intense coherent pump light beam is introduced through the opposite end of a single-mode fiber. The distributed feature is provided to the BOTDA by pulsing the pump wave and analyzing the retrieved probe wave as function of the time-of-flight of the pump pulse within the fiber, as depicted in Fig.1.Range and resolution are two of the most important features of these systems, which are normally limited to 20-30 km with 1-2 meter resolution in standard systems [4]. Attenuation, an intrinsic fiber feature, is the limiting factor in terms of range as it reduces the intensity of the signals within the fiber, therefore decreasing the Signal to Noise Ratio (SNR) as the monitored distance increases. Resolution, which is set by the spatial length of the employed pump pulses, is restricted by the associated issues when the pulse duration is reduced. First, a spectral broadening will manifest on the retrieved wave (leading to a higher uncertainty) and also a shorter interaction length will be obtained among the pump and probe wave, leading to a corresponding SNR decrease. Both factors lead to a non-proportional increase of ...

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“…In a low-depletion regime, symmetric pumping leads to the lowest signal power variation (SPV) along the span, and hence to the best possible balance between ASE noise and nonlinear impairments. Unfortunately, high forward pump powers, necessary to maintain symmetry in long spans or when amplifying a high number of channels, may be detrimental for transmission performance, as it is directly related to an increased RIN transfer from the pump to the propagating signal [3,[11][12][13].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Performance optimization in ultra-long Raman laser amplified 10×30 GBaud DP-QPSK transmission: balancing RIN and ASE noise

Gallazzi¹,

Rizzelli²,

Iqbal³

et al. 2017

Opt. Express

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Abstract:We experimentally evaluate the influence of RIN transfer from pump to signal on the transmission performance of a 10 x 30 Gbaud DP-QPSK transmission system using a 2 nd -order ultra-long Raman fiber laser amplifier, considering the effect of cavity front-end reflectivity and forward pump power ratio. The evolution of the Q-factors with distance up to maximum reach is monitored for a 10 x 30 Gbaud DP-QPSK transmission system with WDM channels between 1542.94 nm to 1550.12 nm. A maximum transmission distance of 6479 km is found for configurations with low forward pump powers corresponding to the optimal balance between RIN and ASE impairments. Thomsen, S. Makovejs, and P. Bayvel, "Unrepeatered Nyquist PDM-16QAM transmission over 364 km using Raman amplification and multi-channel digital back-propagation", Opt. Lett. 40(13), 3025-3028 (2015). 8.

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RIN transfer in 2nd-order distributed amplification with ultralong fiber lasers

Cited by 31 publications

References 13 publications

Impact of input FBG reflectivity and forward pump power on RIN transfer in ultralong Raman laser amplifiers

Impact of input FBG reflectivity and forward pump power on RIN transfer in ultralong Raman laser amplifiers

Limits of BOTDA Range Extension Techniques

Performance optimization in ultra-long Raman laser amplified 10×30 GBaud DP-QPSK transmission: balancing RIN and ASE noise

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