RILEM TC-238 SCM recommendation on hydration stoppage by solvent exchange for the study of hydrate assemblages

Snellings, Ruben; Chwast, Jacek; Çizer, Özlem; Belie, Nele De; Dhandapani, Yuvaraj; Durdzinski, Pawel; Elsen, Jan; Haufe, Johannes; Hooton, R.D.; Patapy, Cédric; Santhanam, Manu; Scrivener, Karen; Snoeck, Didier; Steger, Laurent; Sui, Tongbo; Vollpracht, Anya; Winnefeld, Frank; Lothenbach, Barbara

doi:10.1617/s11527-018-1298-5

Cited by 130 publications

(33 citation statements)

References 3 publications

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“…The fresh-disc sample proved to be the best (Snellings et al, 2018, Snellings, 2016 for regular Rietveld analysis of crystalline cement hydrates, but not for PONKCS analysis to measure the degree of reaction of FA. The amorphous FA content measured for the fresh discs showed significant scatter, interfering with a reliable assessment of FA reaction with hydration time [see Fig.…”

Section: Protocol Sensitivity Analysismentioning

confidence: 91%

“…A high starting angle has the disadvantage of missing the first strong peak of ettringite, so complementary analyses should be made on fresh discs when it is important to know the quantity of this phase. In any case, it is known that stopping hydration and grinding of pastes have a significant impact on the crystallinity of ettringite (Snellings et al, 2018).…”

Section: Protocol Sensitivity Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

“…5). However, this method provides the most accurate ettringite content because, as indicated by Snellings et al (2018), there was no decomposition of ettringite during hydration stoppage of the hydrated sample. The full phase assemblage obtained from the fresh-disc sample is available in the supporting information.…”

Section: Protocol Sensitivity Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

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Quantification of amorphous siliceous fly ash in hydrated blended cement pastes by X-ray powder diffraction

Snellings

Scrivener

2019

J Appl Cryst

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X‐ray powder diffraction (XRPD)‐based quantitative phase analysis is a common technique for studying the hydration of cementitious systems. Hydrated cements often comprise several amorphous or nanocrystalline phases. This paper presents a protocol for the quantification of amorphous siliceous fly ash in hydrated cement using XRPD based on the Rietveld PONKCS (partial or no known crystal structure) method. The protocol is validated by comparison against independent measurements, such as Ca(OH)2 content by thermogravimetry and isothermal calorimetry to evaluate the fly ash degree of reaction. A sensitivity analysis of the protocol was carried out to test the robustness of the results with regard to sample preparation, data collection strategies and refinement model parameters. The key sensitive aspects of the protocol are (i) the preservation and preparation of the hydrated cement sample for XRPD measurement, (ii) the selection of a 2gθ angular range for the Rietveld analysis that avoids low‐angle scattering interferences, and (iii) the use of the peak profile to account for the contribution of other amorphous phases such as the diffraction pattern of nanocrystalline calcium silicate hydrate (C–S–H). The results show good accuracy in terms of quantification if the initial fly ash content is more than 10 wt%. Example TOPAS fly ash and C–S–H codes, as well as the raw XRPD data set, are provided.

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Section: Protocol Sensitivity Analysismentioning

confidence: 91%

Section: Protocol Sensitivity Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

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Quantification of amorphous siliceous fly ash in hydrated blended cement pastes by X-ray powder diffraction

Snellings

Scrivener

2019

J Appl Cryst

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“…After different hydration times (1, 2, 4, 6, 10, 16, 24 h, and 28 d), the samples were gently dried in a vacuum dryer at room temperature to remove the excess water and thus to stop the hydration process. We avoided applications of further drying methods typically used to stop the cement hydration (e. g. solvent drying, freeze drying), since all of them change the phase composition of hydrated cement paste, although to a different extent . Dried cement samples were ground by hand in the agate mortar and used for analyses.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Lanthanide Luminescence Revealing the Phase Composition in Hydrating Cementitious Systems

Burek

Dengler²,

Emmerling

et al. 2019

ChemistryOpen

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The hydration process of Portland cement in a cementitious system is crucial for development of the high‐quality cement‐based construction material. Complementary experiments of X‐ray diffraction analysis (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and time‐resolved laser fluorescence spectroscopy (TRLFS) using europium (Eu(III)) as an optical probe are used to analyse the hydration process of two cement systems in the absence and presence of different organic admixtures. We show that different analysed admixtures and the used sulphate carriers in each cement system have a significant influence on the hydration process, namely on the time‐dependence in the formation of different hydrate phases of cement. Moreover, the effect of a particular admixture is related to the type of sulphate carrier used. The quantitative information on the amounts of the crystalline cement paste components is accessible via XRD analysis. Distinctly different morphologies of ettringite and calcium−silicate−hydrates (C−S−H) determined by SEM allow visual conclusions about formation of these phases at particular ageing times. The TRLFS data provides information about the admixture influence on the course of the silicate reaction. The dip in the dependence of the luminescence decay times on the hydration time indicates the change in the structure of C−S−H in the early hydration period. Complementary information from XRD, SEM and TRLFS provides detailed information on distinct periods of the cement hydration process.

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“…The pressure range used for the MIP analysis was ranged from 1 to 60,000 psia. For XRD analysis of specimens A and C, hydration stoppage by solvent exchange was conducted in accordance with the RILEM TC-238 SCM recommendation [31], after 7 and 28 days of water curing. The XRD analysis was performed via an Empyrean XRD Diffractometer with a line focus 4 kW Cu-Kα X-ray tube (Malvern Panalytical B.V., Almelo, Netherlands) at Smart Open Lab in KBSI.…”

Section: Testmentioning

confidence: 99%

Impact of Bio-Carrier Immobilized with Marine Bacteria on Self-Healing Performance of Cement-Based Materials

et al. 2020

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The present study evaluated the self-healing efficiency and mechanical properties of mortar specimens incorporating a bio-carrier as a self-healing agent. The bio-carrier was produced by immobilizing ureolytic bacteria isolated from seawater in bottom ash, followed by surface coating with cement powder to prevent loss of nutrients during the mixing process. Five types of specimens were prepared with two methods of incorporating bacteria, and were water cured for 28 days. To investigate the healing ratio, the specimens with predefined cracks were treated by applying a wet–dry cycle in three different conditions, i.e., seawater, tap water, and air for 28 days. In addition, a compression test and a mercury intrusion porosimetry analysis of the specimens were performed to evaluate their physico-mechanical properties. The obtained results showed that the specimen incorporating the bio-carrier had higher compressive strength than the specimen incorporating vegetative cells. Furthermore, the highest healing ratio was observed in specimens incorporating the bio-carrier. This phenomenon could be ascribed by the enhanced bacterial viability by the bio-carrier.

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RILEM TC-238 SCM recommendation on hydration stoppage by solvent exchange for the study of hydrate assemblages

Cited by 130 publications

References 3 publications

Quantification of amorphous siliceous fly ash in hydrated blended cement pastes by X-ray powder diffraction

Quantification of amorphous siliceous fly ash in hydrated blended cement pastes by X-ray powder diffraction

Lanthanide Luminescence Revealing the Phase Composition in Hydrating Cementitious Systems

Impact of Bio-Carrier Immobilized with Marine Bacteria on Self-Healing Performance of Cement-Based Materials

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