Rigorous quantitative test of Biot–Savart–Lorentz forces

Abstract

The present paper describes an experiment performed at the National Technical University of Athens, comparing the theoretical Biot–Savart–Lorentz forces with the experimentally measured forces which arise on a part of a single circuit. The comparison is decisive and unique, as it is made for the first time after (1) the elimination of the singular or undetermined forces which inevitably arise in such experiments at the contacts of interacting parts, and (2) a complete systematic error elimination in the measurements themselves. The results, therefore, (a) for the first time treat noncontact forces, (b) are free of the ambiguities which have undermined previous experiments, and (c) indicate that the exerted forces are systematically smaller than the predicted Biot–Savart–Lorentz forces.

Experiment of the lorentz force law using twin toy motors

“…An apparatus to measure the Lorentz force precisely has been already introduced in Ref. . It is a relatively large rectangular circuit which consists of resting and moving metal frames and mercury current paths to connect the two frames.…”

Proposed motors driven solely by Ampère repulsion

“…Unfortunately, quantitative confirmations of Ampère's law (1) has not been possible until recently; because no adequate quantitative measurements of the force on the bridge were made and no adequate mathematical analysis was available (the usually assumed fictitious linear current elements giving rise to infinite forces). The Moyssides-Pappas [12] experiment, yielding quantitative results, has now made it possible to compare the observed force on the bridge with a correct mathematical force, derived by Wesley, using volume current elements, for leads of rectangular cross-section [13], as well as for leads of circular cross-section [14]. Reasonable quantitative agreement between Ampère's law (1) and the observations has thereby been finally achieved.…”

The Use of Finite Differences on Electric Currents Gives Credit to Coulomb‟s Law as Causing Electromagnetic Forces, thereby Explaining Electromagnetic Induction

“…Furthermore, the Lorentz force even fails to predict the qualitative behavior of the force within Ampere"s Bridge, as measured by Pappas and Moyssides in the early 1980"s [2]. The Lorentz force gives no dependence of the wire thickness, whereas Coulomb"s law does, thereby being in accordance with measurements [3].…”

“…where k is rather close to one, 1  k (6) It has been shown elsewhere [7] that the voltage v V of the volt meter applied to the secondary circuit will show a signal lagging 90 degrees behind the voltage 2 V , induced in the secondary winding. The figure describing this scenario is repeated here [8].…”