Rigorous environmental and energy life cycle assessment of blast furnace pig iron in Brazil: The role of carbon and iron sources, and co-product utilization

Leão, Adriano Souza; Medeiros, Diego Lima; Santiago, Marcelo Andrade; Tavares, Arilma Oliveira do Carmo; Maranduba, Henrique Leonardo; Almeida, Edna dos Santos

doi:10.1016/j.susmat.2023.e00607

Cited by 4 publications

(1 citation statement)

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“…Sheng et al pointed out that the water depth of the wave energy generator to be deployed is about 20 m [25], so the total weight of the anchor system to be equipped with (grappling anchors and anchor chains) is 2 tons, and the total weight of the wave energy convertor system is 12.4 tons. The material used for the wave energy converter in this study is steel, and the carbon emission factor varies according to the country of production, Chinese scholars GAO et al showed that the average of the carbon emission factor for steel production is 1.97 t CO 2 /t [28], in addition, IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, IPCC) pointed out that the carbon emission factor of steel production in the European Union is 1.328 t CO 2 /t [29], Leão et al pointed out that the carbon emission factor of steel production in Brazil using Coke-based and iron mix is 1.98 t CO 2 /t [30] (Table 4), Japanese scholars Honma et al showed that the raw materials for steel production have the largest share of CO 2 emissions from coke, and due to the large proportion of electric power in the production of steel in Japan, its production of steel with a carbon emission factor 0.758 t CO 2 /t [31] (Table 4). The CO 2 emissions from the production of wave energy generators in different countries are shown in Table 4.…”

Section: Manufacturing Stagementioning

confidence: 99%

Research on the Accounting and Prediction of Carbon Emission from Wave Energy Convertor Based on the Whole Lifecycle

Li,

Wang,

Wang

et al. 2024

Energies

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Wave energy, as a significant renewable and clean energy source with vast global reserves, exhibits no greenhouse gas or other pollution during real-sea operational conditions. However, throughout the entire lifecycle, wave energy convertors can produce additional CO2 emissions due to the use of raw materials and emissions during transportation. Based on laboratory test data from a wave energy convertor model, this study ensures consistency between the model and the actual sea-deployed wave energy convertors in terms of performance, materials, and geometric shapes using similarity criteria. Carbon emission factors from China, the European Union, Brazil, and Japan are selected to predict the carbon emissions of wave energy convertors in real-sea conditions. The research indicates: (1) The predicted carbon emission coefficient for unit electricity generation (EFco2) of wave energy is 0.008–0.057 kg CO2/kWh; when the traditional steel production mode is adopted, the EFco2 in this paper is 0.014–0.059 kg CO2/kWh, similar to existing research conclusions for the emission factor of CO2 for wave energy convertor (0.012–0.050 kg CO2/kWh). The predicted data on carbon emissions in the lifecycle of wave energy convertors aligns closely with actual operational data. (2) The main source of carbon emissions in the life cycle of a wave energy converter, excluding the recycling of manufacturing metal materials, is the manufacturing stage, which accounts for 90% of the total carbon emissions. When the recycling of manufacturing metal materials is considered, the carbon emissions in the manufacturing stage are reduced, and the carbon emissions in the transport stage are increased, from about 7% to about 20%. (3) Under the most ideal conditions, the carbon payback period for a wave energy convertor ranges from 0.28 to 2.06 years, and the carbon reduction during the design lifespan (20 years) varies from 238.33 t CO2 (minimum) to 261.80 t CO2 (maximum).

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Section: Manufacturing Stagementioning

confidence: 99%