Rigorous Analysis of the Universal Space Expansion

Abstract

Expansion of the universal space was never directly observed. It is an unproven assumption. Measurement of the gravitational redshift proves only gravitational redshift and nothing more. Gravitational redshift is proven by the Mössbauer experiment. Claiming that gravitational redshift proves universal space expansion is false because there is no causality between gravitational redshift and hypothetical expansion. Even if universal space would expand, gravitational redshift could not be taken as proof of expansion. The Doppler effect was never observed in an expanding space and claiming that cosmological redshift is partially caused by the Doppler effect caused by the expanding of space is an unproved assumption. The discovery of CMB proves only that the entire universal space radiates CMB. CMB is not proof of the existence of the recombination period.