Right-Wing Extremist Violence in the Russian Federation

Laryš, Martin; Mareš, Miroslav

doi:10.1080/09668136.2011.534308

Cited by 31 publications

(15 citation statements)

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“…To be sure, by dropping some of the most contradictory cases, such as Portugal ( legacies + hardship but aggression = 0) or the Netherlands, my consistency and coverage scores would indeed improve. Adding East European cases is not an option for the time being, because comparable RTV data are lacking, perhaps with the exception of Russia where RTV has definitely been extensive since 1990 (Arnold ; Laryš & Mareš ). However, considering Russia's current semi‐autocratic regime and recent political history, this case may not fit well into the theoretical framework used here to explain RTV in the context of Western liberal democracy.…”

Section: Analysis and Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Explaining right‐wing terrorism and violence in Western Europe: Grievances, opportunities and polarisation

Ravndal

2017

European J Political Res

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Why have some Western liberal democracies experienced more right-wing terrorism and violence (RTV) than others? This question remains largely unanswered in existing research on the extreme right because (1) events data suitable for cross-national comparisons have been lacking, and (2) existing analyses fail to capture RTV's causal complexity, which involve multiple causal paths (equifinality) comprising causal conditions that become sufficient for the outcome only in combination (conjunctural causation). To help fill these gaps, this paper uses new events data from the RTV dataset in a qualitative comparative analysis (QCA) research design, aiming to explain variation in the extent of RTV in 18 West European countries between 1990 and 2015. In doing so, the paper identifies two "causal recipes" that consistently distinguish countries with extensive RTV experience from those with low or moderate RTV experience. The first (North European) recipe involves the combination of high immigration, low electoral support for anti-immigration (radical right) parties, and extensive public repression of radical right actors and opinions. The second (South European) recipe involves the combination of socio-economic hardship, authoritarian legacies, and extensive left-wing terrorism and militancy. Notably, both recipes contain elements of "grievances" and "opportunities", suggesting that these two theories, which are conventionally seen as contrasting, may be more fruitfully seen as complementary. Furthermore, a highly polarized conflict between far right activists and their enemies represents a third necessary condition for extensive RTV to occur. A key to combating violent extremism on the far right therefore lies in disrupting rather than accelerating such polarization mechanisms, suggesting that openness and dialogue might work better than public repression, stigmatization, or aggressive confrontation.

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Section: Analysis and Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Explaining right‐wing terrorism and violence in Western Europe: Grievances, opportunities and polarisation

Ravndal

2017

European J Political Res

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“…Only a handful of scholars have attempted to study right-wing terrorism as such, oftentimes looking at specific countries or regions such as the United States, 46 Germany, 47 Scandinavia, 48 or Russia. 49 Another peculiarity of right-wing terrorism pointed out in the few comprehensive studies that exist, is the different relationship between the act of violence and communication to the public by right-wing terrorists as compared to their counterparts. 50 While there is widespread agreement among scholars that terrorism is essentially a form of communication to reach a target audience, 51 right-wing terrorists, at least from certain countries, rarely connect their attacks with a sophisticated communication strategy or any form of claiming.…”

Section: What Do We Know About Right-wing Terrorism and Violence?mentioning

confidence: 99%

Violence and Terrorism from the Far-Right: Policy Options to Counter an Elusive Threat

Köehler¹

2019

ICCT Policy Briefs

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Extreme right-wing violence and terrorism are a growing threat to Western societies. This form of political violence is also quite elusive and differs from others (e.g. jihadist violence) in some key characteristics. Since the September 11 attacks, policy makers, law enforcement and intelligence agencies as well as researchers have focused most of their attention on Islamic extremist violence and terrorism. This has led to an imbalance in the understanding of other threats, especially from the far-right, and adequate ways to counter it. This paper, using Germany as a main case study, argues that far-right violence has a potential risk of being misunderstood and under-classified, thus creating the perception among victims of that violence that democratic countries "are blind on the right side". This erosion of trust in the rule of law and the monopoly of force is one goal of extreme right-wing terrorists. Specific recommendations to improve countering the threat posed by the far-right are avoiding double standards in dealing with political violence at all costs, swift and efficient appropriate legal actions against extreme right perpetrators of violence, an increase in funding for research about right-wing terrorism, a possible refinement of the legal definition of "terrorism" and a discussion about its relationship with "hate crimes", as well as wide scale support for countering violent extremism (CVE) and deradicalisation programs targeting the far-right. 1 This policy brief understands the extreme right and far right (used interchangeably) to be an overlapping web of groups and ideologies based on racially, ethnically or culturally defined superiority of one group and inferiority of all others (e.g. white supremacism, neo-Nazism, fascism).

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“…According to annual surveys conducted by the Levada Center, a leading public opinion research firm, since the early 2000s, the idea of “Russia for ethnic Russians” ( Rossiya dlya russkikh ) has been fully or partly supported by more than 50% of the country’s population (ranging between 51% and 66% across years) since the early 2000s (Levada Center 2015). Although ethnoracially motivated hostility often targets Russia’s indigenous ethnic minorities, especially those from the country’s North Caucasus region (e.g., Laryš and Mareš 2011; Shnirelman 2011), evidence suggests that migrants are significantly more vulnerable (e.g., Alexseev 2010). Overt racism and xenophobia, especially targeting Central Asians, are pervasive in today’s Russia (e.g., Galliamov 2005; Petrov 2002; Reeves 2013c; Regamey 2010; Zakharov 2015), and the Russian government has been unable or unwilling to prevent or combat them.…”

Section: Migration From Central Asia To Russiamentioning

confidence: 99%

Legality, Racialization, and Immigrants’ Experience of Ethnoracial Harassment in Russia

2017

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Using data from a structured survey and in-depth interviews in three Russian cities, our study engages the scholarship on immigration legal regimes and racialization practices to examine the experiences of ethnoracially motivated harassment among working migrant women from Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, and Uzbekistan in Russia. The results of statistical analyses show that regularized legal status is associated with a significantly lower likelihood of experiencing harassment at the hands of law enforcement agents and other actors alike. Regardless of legal status, however, the analyses reveal significant variations across the three migrant groups, with members of the group that is seen as racially most distinct from the host population having the highest odds of reporting harassment. The analysis of in-depth interviews confirms and expands on these patterns, providing additional insights into the complex expressions and interplay of legality and race in migrants’ everyday experiences. The study findings are situated within the cross-national literature on migrants’ legal and ethnoracial exclusion in receiving contexts.

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Right-Wing Extremist Violence in the Russian Federation

Cited by 31 publications

References 1 publication

Explaining right‐wing terrorism and violence in Western Europe: Grievances, opportunities and polarisation

Explaining right‐wing terrorism and violence in Western Europe: Grievances, opportunities and polarisation

Violence and Terrorism from the Far-Right: Policy Options to Counter an Elusive Threat

Legality, Racialization, and Immigrants’ Experience of Ethnoracial Harassment in Russia

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