Right-to-Carry Laws and Firearm Workplace Homicides: A Longitudinal Analysis (1992–2017)

Doucette, Mitchell L.; Crifasi, Cassandra K.; Frattaroli, Shannon

doi:10.2105/ajph.2019.305307

Cited by 27 publications

(17 citation statements)

References 34 publications

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“…The common approach to handling interstate variation was to model 2-way fixed effects or conduct state-specific analyses. Alternative methods to explore state-specific deviations from the average effect would be to include a metaanalysis of state-specific effects 20 or the Bacon decomposition for 2-way fixed effects in the presence of varying treatment timing. 53 Authors also differed in their definitions of SYG or expanded castle doctrine laws and tended to focus only on statutory rather than case law.…”

Section: Research and Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of Laws Expanding Civilian Rights to Use Deadly Force in Self-Defense on Violence and Crime: A Systematic Review

et al. 2021

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Background. Since 2005, most US states have expanded civilian rights to use deadly force in self-defense outside the home. In most cases, legislation has included removing the duty to retreat anywhere one may legally be, commonly known as stand-your-ground laws. The extent to which these laws affect public health and safety is widely debated in public and policy discourse. Objectives. To synthesize the available evidence on the impacts and social inequities associated with changing civilian rights to use deadly force in self-defense on violence, injury, crime, and firearm-related outcomes. Search Methods. We searched MEDLINE, Embase, PsycINFO, Scopus, Web of Science, Sociological Abstracts, National Criminal Justice Reference Service Abstracts, Education Resources Information Center, International Bibliography of the Social Sciences, ProQuest Dissertations and Theses, Google Scholar, National Bureau of Economic Research working papers, and SocArXiv; harvested references of included studies; and consulted with experts to identify studies until April 2020. Selection Criteria. Eligible studies quantitatively estimated the association between laws that expanded or restricted the right to use deadly force in self-defense and population or subgroup outcomes among civilians with a comparator. Data Collection and Analysis. Two reviewers extracted study data using a common form. We assessed study quality using the Risk of Bias in Nonrandomized Studies of Interventions tools adapted for (controlled) before–after studies. To account for data dependencies, we conducted graphical syntheses (forest plots and harvest plots) to summarize the evidence on impacts and inequities associated with changing self-defense laws. Main Results. We identified 25 studies that estimated population-level impacts of laws expanding civilian rights to use deadly force in self-defense, all of which focused on stand-your-ground or other expansions to self-defense laws in the United States. Studies were scored as having serious or critical risk of bias attributable to confounding. Risk of bias was low across most other domains (i.e., selection, missing data, outcome, and reporting biases). Stand-your-ground laws were associated with no change to small increases in violent crime (total and firearm homicide, aggravated assault, robbery) on average across states. Florida-based studies showed robust increases (24% to 45%) in firearm and total homicide while self-defense claims under stand-your-ground law were more often denied when victims were White, especially when claimants were racial minorities. Author’s Conclusions. The existing evidence contradicts claims that expanding self-defense laws deters violent crime across the United States. In at least some contexts, including Florida, stand-your-ground laws are associated with increases in violence, and there are racial inequities in the application of these laws. Public Health Implications. In some US states, most notably Florida, stand-your-ground laws may have harmed public health and safety and exacerbated social inequities. Our findings highlight the need for scientific evidence on both population and equity impacts of self-defense laws to guide legislative action that promotes public health and safety for all. Trial Registration. Open Science Framework ( https://osf.io/uz68e ). (Am J Public Health. Published online ahead of print February 23, 2021: e1–e14. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2020.306101 )

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Section: Research and Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of Laws Expanding Civilian Rights to Use Deadly Force in Self-Defense on Violence and Crime: A Systematic Review

et al. 2021

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“…An examination of workplace homicide epidemiology from 2011 to 2015 detailed a shift in workplace homicides away from those associated with robberies toward other crimes, indicating that a change in firearm exposure in the workplace, and the public writ large, may be driving this change (Doucette, Bulzacchelli, et al, 2019). A 50-state panel analysis using CFOI data found that right-to-carry laws, or laws that remove restrictions for carrying a concealed handgun in public, increased the incidence of workplace homicides committed with firearms by 29% over a 26-year period (Doucette, Crifasi, et al, 2019). Yet, both of these analyses raised the same limitations surrounding CFOI data, limitations that likely underestimate the true magnitude of violence associated with a workplace homicide incident (Doucette, Bulzacchelli, et al, 2019; Doucette, Crifasi, et al, 2019).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A 50-state panel analysis using CFOI data found that right-to-carry laws, or laws that remove restrictions for carrying a concealed handgun in public, increased the incidence of workplace homicides committed with firearms by 29% over a 26-year period (Doucette, Crifasi, et al, 2019). Yet, both of these analyses raised the same limitations surrounding CFOI data, limitations that likely underestimate the true magnitude of violence associated with a workplace homicide incident (Doucette, Bulzacchelli, et al, 2019; Doucette, Crifasi, et al, 2019).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The use of the CFOI-Research file to conduct workplace homicide research contains several limitations: (a) the data file does not contain a variable that links deaths that occur as part of the same incident (Doucette, Bulzacchelli, et al, 2019) meaning researchers are not able to understand person-level characteristics of a workplace homicide “incident” that contains multiple worker deaths, and (2) the data file only accounts for the deaths of workers, meaning deaths of nonworkers go unaccounted (Doucette, Crifasi, et al, 2019). The first limitation restricts the researcher’s ability to have full context of victim characteristics, such as race/ethnicity, age, and gender, when there are multiple victims in a single event.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Assessing the Magnitude of Nonworker Deaths During Workplace Homicide Incidents: An Epidemiological Analysis Using the National Violent Death Reporting System (NVDRS)

Doucette

Crifasi

2020

Workplace Health Saf

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Background Recent workplace homicide investigations have noted that the Census of Fatal Occupational Injuries (CFOI) has several limitations that reduce our ability to understand who dies as part of a workplace homicide incident. We sought to assess the magnitude of nonworker deaths associated with workplace homicide incidents. Methods Using National Violent Death Reporting System (NVDRS) data from 2003 to 2017, we employed a descriptive epidemiological investigation. The counts of worker and nonworker deaths during a workplace homicide incident were ascertained, as well as other characteristics (e.g., gender, age, mechanism of death, and race/ethnicity). We used multiple logistic regression to estimate the relationship between incident characteristics and the odds of having a nonworker death. Results Across the study period, there were 2,020 workplace homicides. The number of deaths associated with workplace homicide incidents increased 8.2% when considering nonworker deaths ( n = 2,186). Including those nonfatally shot as part of a workplace homicide incident increased causalities by 18.2% ( n = 2,388). If a firearm was used during perpetration, the odds that a nonworker was killed during a workplace homicide incident increased 3.76 times (95% confidence interval: 2.03, 6.96). Conclusion/Application to Practice Considering nonworkers killed as part of workplace homicide incidents is essential to understanding the true magnitude of violence associated with these incidents. Likely, it is the lethality of firearms that greatly increases the likelihood that nonworkers are killed as part a workplace homicide incident. To best understand the epidemiology of workplace homicide incident, we recommend CFOI adopt an incident-based method for coding workplace deaths.

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“…Efforts to uncover these elements have revealed some promising targets for study and have become increasingly broad in scope. These include modifiable social determinants of health (including poverty, socioeconomic support, education and access to healthcare), behavioral factors (alcohol and drug use, firearm ownership), and specific firearm restrictive laws (stand your ground, risk based firearm restriction laws, concealed carry, background checks, and handgun specific policies) 5–39 …”

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confidence: 99%

Modifiable Factors Related to Firearm Homicides

et al. 2022

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Objective: This study aims to identify modifiable factors related to firearm homicide (FH). Summary Background Data: Many socioeconomic, legislative and behavioral risk factors impact FH. Most studies have evaluated these risk factors in isolation, but they coexist in a complex and ever-changing American society. We hypothesized that both restrictive firearm laws and socioeconomic support would correlate with reduced FH rates. Methods: To perform our ecologic cross-sectional study, we queried the Centers for Disease Control (CDC) Wide-ranging ONline Data for Epidemiologic Research (WONDER) and Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) Uniform Crime Reporting (UCR) for 2013–2016 state FH data. We retrieved firearm access estimates from the RAND State-Level Firearm Ownership Database. Alcohol use and access to care data were captured from the CDC Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS). Detached youth rates, socioeconomic support data and poverty metrics were captured from US Census data for each state in each year. Firearm laws were obtained from the State Firearms Law Database. Variables with significant FH association were entered into a final multivariable panel linear regression with fixed effect for state. Results: A total of 49,610 FH occurred in 2013–2016 (median FH rate: 3.9:100,000, range: 0.07–11.2). In univariate analysis, increases in concealed carry limiting laws (P=0.012), detached youth rates (P<0.001), socioeconomic support (P<0.001) and poverty rates (P<0.001) correlated with decreased FH. Higher rates of heavy drinking (P=0.036) and the presence of stand your ground doctrines (P=0.045) were associated with increased FH. Background checks, handgun limiting laws, and weapon access were not correlated with FH. In multivariable regression, increased access to food benefits for those in poverty [β: −0.132, 95% confidence interval (CI): −0.182 to −0.082, P<0.001] and laws limiting concealed carry (β: −0.543, 95% CI: −0.942 to −0.144, P=0.008) were associated with decreased FH rates. Allowance of stand your ground was associated with more FHs (β: 1.52, 95% CI: 0.069–2.960, P<0.040). Conclusions: The causes and potential solutions to FH are complex and closely tied to public policy. Our data suggests that certain types of socioeconomic support and firearm restrictive legislation should be emphasized in efforts to reduce firearm deaths in America.

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Right-to-Carry Laws and Firearm Workplace Homicides: A Longitudinal Analysis (1992–2017)

Cited by 27 publications

References 34 publications

Effects of Laws Expanding Civilian Rights to Use Deadly Force in Self-Defense on Violence and Crime: A Systematic Review

Effects of Laws Expanding Civilian Rights to Use Deadly Force in Self-Defense on Violence and Crime: A Systematic Review

Assessing the Magnitude of Nonworker Deaths During Workplace Homicide Incidents: An Epidemiological Analysis Using the National Violent Death Reporting System (NVDRS)

Modifiable Factors Related to Firearm Homicides

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