Right hand digit ratio (2D:4D) is associated with oral cancer

Hopp, Renato Nicolás; Jorge, Jacks

doi:10.1002/ajhb.21144

Cited by 27 publications

(18 citation statements)

References 17 publications

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“…Fetal testosterone (T) exposure spanning early-to-mid gestation [2] has been repeatedly implicated in the development of sexual dimorphism in 2D∶4D [3]–[6]. This finger length ratio has achieved prominence because of its association with a variety of human diseases in men and women: men, prostate, testicular and oral cancer [7]–[9], infertility [8], autism [10], attention deficit disorder [11] and eating disorders [12]; women, breast and cervical cancer [13], [14], autism [15], [16], congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) [5], and polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) [17]. Due to the apparent influence of fetal T exposure on 2D∶4D and the latter's association with human disease, 2D∶4D has been proposed as a faithful postnatal biomarker for gestational exposure to T and its associated risk of pathophysiology [3], [18], [19].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Early-to-Mid Gestation Fetal Testosterone Increases Right Hand 2D∶4D Finger Length Ratio in Polycystic Ovary Syndrome-Like Monkeys

et al. 2012

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A smaller length ratio for the second relative to the fourth finger (2D∶4D) is repeatedly associated with fetal male-typical testosterone (T) and is implicated as a biomarker for a variety of traits and susceptibility to a number of diseases, but no experimental human studies have been performed. The present study utilizes the rhesus monkey, a close relative of humans, and employs discrete gestational exposure of female monkeys to fetal male-typical T levels for 15–35 days during early-to-mid (40–76 days; n = 7) or late (94–139 days; n = 7) gestation (term: 165 days) by daily subcutaneous injection of their dams with 10 mg T propionate. Such gestational exposures are known to enhance male-typical behavior. In this study, compared to control females (n = 19), only early-to-mid gestation T exposure virilizes female external genitalia while increasing 2D∶4D ratio in the right hand (RH) by male-like elongation of RH2D. RH2D length and 2D∶4D positively correlate with androgen-dependent anogenital distance (AG), and RH2D and AG positively correlate with duration of early-to-mid gestation T exposure. Male monkeys (n = 9) exhibit a sexually dimorphic 2D∶4D in the right foot, but this trait is not emulated by early-to-mid or late gestation T exposed females. X-ray determined phalanx measurements indicate elongated finger and toe phalanx length in males, but no other phalanx-related differences. Discrete T exposure during early-to-mid gestation in female rhesus monkeys thus appears to increase RH2D∶4D through right-side biased, non-skeletal tissue growth. As variation in timing and duration of gestational T exposure alter male-like dimensions of RH2D independently of RH4D, postnatal RH2D∶4D provides a complex biomarker for fetal T exposure.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Early-to-Mid Gestation Fetal Testosterone Increases Right Hand 2D∶4D Finger Length Ratio in Polycystic Ovary Syndrome-Like Monkeys

et al. 2012

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“…Proposition of digit ratio as a predictive marker of the susceptibility to some types of cancer, especially those that show sex differences in their occurrence, progression, and/or prognosis has gained strength [4][5][6][7] .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Right hand digit ratio (2D:4D) is associated with prostate cancer: Findings of an admixed population study

Hopp¹,

Jorge²

2012

JST

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Objective: Digit ratios are considered putative markers for prenatal hormone exposure, as well as the action of HOX and AR genes. Such genes have been connected to carcinogenesis and digit ratio could help to identify patients that bear such predisposition. The purpose of this study was to investigate the possible correlations between digit ratio, prostate cancer (PCA) -the most common cancer in men -and benign prostate hyperplasia (BPH) in a multiethnic sample of men between 50 and 80 years, the main risk group for this disease.Methods: Digital images of the right hands of patients diagnosed with PCA (n=40), BPH (n=40) and age-matched controls (n=40) were obtained. Fingers were measured using Adobe Photoshop 7.0® and the mean ratios between the 2nd and 4th digits were compared. Data were analyzed by Student's t test and regression models (α=0.05). Risk factors (dietary factors, tobacco consumption, age and familial history) were similar among the three study groups.Results: Males in the PCA group presented significantly lower digit ratio (P=0.04) in comparison with males without prostatic lesions. Conclusions:Males with the lower digit ratio seem to be more prone to undergo malignization of prostatic lesions. Similar risk factors for the three groups allows us to infer that digit ratio could add to the research of etiological factors and be a putative marker for the screening of patients', especially in a admixed population.

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“…One study has investigated the role of PT on the prevalence of oral squamous cell carcinoma, the most common mouth cancer. 16 The investigators compared the right hand digit ratios of oral cancer patients, oral premalignant lesions patients and healthy subjects, matched by age and tobacco consumption. Oral cancer patients presented higher right-hand 2D:4D than subjects with oral premalignant lesions and healthy individuals (p < 0.05), pointing to an influence of the lack of prenatal androgen exposure on the onset of mouth cancer.…”

Section: Oral Cancermentioning

confidence: 99%

Digit Ratio (2D:4D) and cancer: What is known so far?

Hopp

Lima

Filho

et al. 2014

Int J Cancer Ther Oncol

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The ratio between the second and fourth digits is a proxy marker for prenatal exposure and sensitivity to sexual hormones, which can be genetically influenced. The influence of prenatal hormone exposure can reflect on adult life traits such as psychological traits, athletic performance and diseases such as cardiovascular. An important and newly explored field on digit ratio research is its correlation to different types of cancer, as a marker for prevalence and severity. In this review, the different types of cancer already correlated to digit ratios are discussed.

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Right hand digit ratio (2D:4D) is associated with oral cancer

Cited by 27 publications

References 17 publications

Early-to-Mid Gestation Fetal Testosterone Increases Right Hand 2D∶4D Finger Length Ratio in Polycystic Ovary Syndrome-Like Monkeys

Early-to-Mid Gestation Fetal Testosterone Increases Right Hand 2D∶4D Finger Length Ratio in Polycystic Ovary Syndrome-Like Monkeys

Right hand digit ratio (2D:4D) is associated with prostate cancer: Findings of an admixed population study

Digit Ratio (2D:4D) and cancer: What is known so far?

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