Rift Valley Fever in Namibia, 2010

Abstract

During May–July 2010 in Namibia, outbreaks of Rift Valley fever were reported to the National Veterinary Service. Analysis of animal specimens confirmed virus circulation on 7 farms. Molecular characterization showed that all outbreaks were caused by a strain of Rift Valley fever virus closely related to virus strains responsible for outbreaks in South Africa during 2009–2010.

Overlapping CD8 + and CD4 + T-cell epitopes identification for the progression of epitope-based peptide vaccine from nucleocapsid and glycoprotein of emerging Rift Valley fever virus using immunoinformatics approach

“…The severe RVFV outbreak have been recorded in human with high fatality rates for the year 2000 to 2016 in different countries such as Saudi Arabia, Kenya, Somalia, Sudan, South Africa, Namibia, Mauritania, Egypt, Senegal, Niger and Uganda (Balkhy and Memish, 2003;Hartman, 2017;Hassan et al, 2011;Métras et al, 2012;Monaco et al, 2013;Nguku et al, 2010;Sow et al, 2014Sow et al, , 2016. According to the Mansfield et al (2015) an incursion may occur in Europe due to the geographical range and emergence of RVFV in the northern Egypt and Middle East.…”

“…RVFV is considered as a potential bioterrorism agent by the United States government due to its virulence and the potential for rapid spread (Borio et al, 2002;Mandell and Flick, 2011) and also categorized as a category-A priority pathogen by the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID). The World Organization for Animal Health (OIE) specified the RVFV as a high consequence pathogen , while the United States Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (USDA, APHIS) designated the RVFV as the third most dangerous animal threat Namibia from 2009 to 2011 (Métras et al, 2012;Monaco et al, 2013), Mauritania in 2010 and Mauritania and Senegal from 2012 to 2015 (Sow et al, 2014(Sow et al, , 2016, and also Niger and Uganda in 2016 with 1220 confirmed human deaths and > 0.5 million estimated human cases (Dar et al, 2013;Hartman, 2017). However, due to the higher fatality rates, RVFV could be a greater threat to the public health, especially in non-endemic regions (Xu et al, 2013).…”

Systematic Review of Important Viral Diseases in Africa in Light of the ‘One Health’ Concept

“…The investigation generated seven sequences originating from seven RVF outbreaks. The phylogenetic analysis revealed that the RVFV sequences from Namibia retrieved in 2010 were identical to the RVFV sequences reported from South Africa in the years 2009 and 2010, which suggested that the RVFV in both countries most probably originated from a single virus population [236].…”

The challenging management of Rift Valley Fever in humans: literature review of the clinical disease and algorithm proposal

“…The virus infects also humans through inoculation after contact with infected animals or through ingestion of unpasteurized or uncooked by-products of infected animals, or also through inhalation of aerosols produced during the slaughter of infected animals. However, human infections occurred also from the bites of infected mosquitoes, mainly Aedes and Culex but also Anopheles or Mansonia, and other blood-feeding vectors such as flies and ticks have been identified [2][3][4]. To date, no human-to-human transmission of RVFV has been documented.…”