Rifampicin loaded in alginate/chitosan nanoparticles as a promising pulmonary carrier against Staphylococcus aureus

Nanoparticle-Based Rifampicin Delivery System Development

“…At alkaline pH and an absence of ASC, PENs indicated significantly lower release rates of RIF, as the gradual release of RIF increased to 43.0 ± 0.9 (APENs) and 48.3 ± 4.6 (WPENs) at 48 h, and then decreased to 31.8 ± 2.1 (APENs) and 32.1 ± 2.8 (WPENs) at 72 h. These low amounts of RIF release and the final decline phase can be attributed to poor stability of RIF at alkaline pH. Figure 7 b also demonstrated that the gradual release of RIF increased to 84.0 ± 13.9 (APENs) and 73.7 ± 9.1 (WPENs) at 48 h, and was then accompanied by a sharp increase to 113.5 ± 6.0 (APENs) and 112.3 ± 4.7 (WPENs) at 72 h. Therefore, ASC protected RIF at the alkaline pH and caused a gradual increase in the RIF release rate for 48 h. Scolari et al, also declared that ASC significantly decreased the oxidative degradation of RIF after releasing alginate/CS nanoparticles, as the concentration of ASC increased [ 13 ]. The sharp release rate at 72 h can be explained by RIF and ASC oxidation, and the interactions among the byproducts in alkaline media, which affected UV absorbance.…”

“…Despite both in vitro and in vivo experiments demonstrating that ASC acted as an antioxidant and an anti-inflammatory factor, without any effect on the antibacterial activity of RIF [9,10], only a few studies used ASC in the release or dissolution medium [11]. However, various research groups have made attempts to exploit nanoparticles, such as dendrimers [12], polymeric nanoparticles [5,11,13], solid lipid nanoparticles [14], gold nanorods [15], and silica nanoparticles [16], for RIF delivery, but no study has directly specified nanoparticles for alkaline conditions. Chronic nonhealing wounds are one of the highly proteolytic environments with elevated alkaline pH.…”

Targeting Antibacterial Effect and Promoting of Skin Wound Healing After Infected with Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus for the Novel Polyvinyl Alcohol Nanoparticles

“… 31 Nanoparticles have made remarkable progress in the delivery of antibacterial drugs, specifically those based on natural polymers, which represents a promising method for the encapsulation of antibiotics with the advantage of targeted delivery and controlled-release characteristics that improve the pharmacokinetics and therapeutic index, as well as reduce or eliminate antibiotic resistance. 32 PLGA has been widely used as a drug carrier in tissue engineering applications, and can be used to prepare nanoparticles designed for drug release. 33 Due to their ability to adjust the degradation characteristics and biocompatibility, nanoparticles can be prepared for the delivery of almost any type of drug.…”

Alginate Nanoformulation: Influence of Process and Selected Variables

“…Gelation of alginate is initiated by increasing the solubility of calcium source and/or lowering the pH of the emulsion from 7.5 to 6.5, where calcium ions begin to migrate from the inner droplets to the outer part as shown in Equations (2) and (3) [ 67 , 68 ]. Internal gelation produces symmetrical micro/nanospheres with large pores and low matrix density compared to that prepared by external gelation [ 60 , 61 ]. 2H + + CaCO 3 → Ca 2+ + CO 2 Ca 2+ + 2Na + Alg − → Ca 2+ (Alg − ) 2 + 2Na + …”

“…On top of that, the application of alginate nanoparticles in cancer treatment has gained wide attention due to the ability to deliver anti-cancer therapeutics in sufficient manner at target site, promoting the bioavailability as well as reducing drug dosage and its side effects to the normal tissues [ 58 , 59 ]. Alginate nanoparticles have been also used for targeted antibiotic delivery applications without inducing resistant strains of bacteria [ 60 , 61 ]. The applications and fields that utilized alginate nanoparticles grew proportionally due to their useful properties and simple synthesis methods.…”