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Multibody simulations play an important role in the study of the dynamic behaviour of road vehicles, being one of the key aspects the modelling of the tire-road interaction. The tire-road contact modelling is required to detect the contact between the tire and road and to obtain the tire contact forces from the tire-road relative motion. The first part of the problem is solved by a contact detection algorithm, whereas the second part is handled by a tire model. In both cases, the trade-off between accuracy and computational cost needs to be addressed in the road dynamics scenario. For the contact detection problem, this work proposes a methodology in which the road is described by a mesh of triangles while the tire is described by a toroid. The triangular mesh road input can be directly extracted from any CAD model. To avoid the geometric discontinuities due to the transition between triangular patches, a set of auxiliary points is used to obtain a continuous variation of the road surface normal, based on the method proposed by Rill (Multibody Syst. Dyn. 45:131–153, 2019. In the process of contact detection, all kinematic quantities required by the tire-road contact model are evaluated. The tire–road forces are evaluated using the enhanced UA tire model, which is a numerically stable and efficient development of the original tire model proposed by Gim and Nikravesh (Int. J. Veh. Des. 12, 1991; Int. J. Veh. Des. 12:19–39, 1991; Int. J. Veh. Des. 12:217–228, 1991). Both the contact and tire models have smooth transitions between their internal transitions, thereby reducing the need for the variable-step ODE integrators to unnecessarily decrease time steps. The advances on contact detection and the tire–road contact models, proposed here, are demonstrated with a set of road vehicle simulation scenarios in which the influence of various modelling parameters on the stability and efficiency of the simulations is addressed. The novelties of the work consist not only in the demonstration of the enhanced UA tire model in practical situations but also in the description of the new tire–road contact methodology that employs a simple description of the road geometry, to achieve smooth tire–road contact forces.
Multibody simulations play an important role in the study of the dynamic behaviour of road vehicles, being one of the key aspects the modelling of the tire-road interaction. The tire-road contact modelling is required to detect the contact between the tire and road and to obtain the tire contact forces from the tire-road relative motion. The first part of the problem is solved by a contact detection algorithm, whereas the second part is handled by a tire model. In both cases, the trade-off between accuracy and computational cost needs to be addressed in the road dynamics scenario. For the contact detection problem, this work proposes a methodology in which the road is described by a mesh of triangles while the tire is described by a toroid. The triangular mesh road input can be directly extracted from any CAD model. To avoid the geometric discontinuities due to the transition between triangular patches, a set of auxiliary points is used to obtain a continuous variation of the road surface normal, based on the method proposed by Rill (Multibody Syst. Dyn. 45:131–153, 2019. In the process of contact detection, all kinematic quantities required by the tire-road contact model are evaluated. The tire–road forces are evaluated using the enhanced UA tire model, which is a numerically stable and efficient development of the original tire model proposed by Gim and Nikravesh (Int. J. Veh. Des. 12, 1991; Int. J. Veh. Des. 12:19–39, 1991; Int. J. Veh. Des. 12:217–228, 1991). Both the contact and tire models have smooth transitions between their internal transitions, thereby reducing the need for the variable-step ODE integrators to unnecessarily decrease time steps. The advances on contact detection and the tire–road contact models, proposed here, are demonstrated with a set of road vehicle simulation scenarios in which the influence of various modelling parameters on the stability and efficiency of the simulations is addressed. The novelties of the work consist not only in the demonstration of the enhanced UA tire model in practical situations but also in the description of the new tire–road contact methodology that employs a simple description of the road geometry, to achieve smooth tire–road contact forces.
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<div>This article introduces a methodology for conducting comparative evaluations of vibration-induced discomfort. The aim is to outline a procedure specifically focused on assessing and comparing the discomfort caused by vibrations. The article emphasizes the metrics that can effectively quantify vibration-induced discomfort and provides insights on utilizing available information to facilitate the assessment of differences observed during the comparisons. The study also addresses the selection of appropriate target scenarios and test environments within the context of the comparative evaluation procedure. A practical case study is presented, highlighting the comparison of wheel corner concepts in the development of new vehicle architectures. Currently, the evaluation criteria and difference thresholds available allow for comparative evaluations within a limited range of vehicle vibration characteristics.</div>
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