Rice seedlings grown under high ammonia do not show enhanced defence responses

Zhou, Heng; Zhou, Ying; Zhai, Fengchao; Wu, Ting; Xie, Yanjie; Xu, Guohua; Foyer, Christine H.

doi:10.1002/fes3.331

Cited by 4 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 101 publications

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“…The data indicate quite modest decrease in fresh weight at concentrations up to 7 mM, however, further exceeding concentrations led to a severe reduction. The toxic effects of (NH4)2SO4 are manifested as a reduction in the fresh weight of roots, primarily due to the inhibition of primary root length [15] observed similar outcomes, noting a decrease in root biomass in seedlings exposed to two concentrations of NH4 + (10 mM and 80 mM), which aligns with the findings from our research. Additionally, a comparative study of N forms by Coleto et al [16] examined the impacts of nitrate versus NH4 + on root biomass.…”

Section: Root Fresh Biomasssupporting

confidence: 89%

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Ammonium sulphate induces dose-dependent ammonium stress in rice seedlings

Maurya,

Chaudhary,

Priya

et al. 2024

BIO Web Conf.

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Plants require nitrogen (N) in various forms to facilitate essential physiological functions. Nitrate (NO3-) is one of the most readily absorbed N forms by plants and is preferred in well-aerated soils because it can be easily transported within the plant. Ammonium (NH4+), on the other hand, is utilized especially in waterlogged or acidic soils, where it is directly absorbed by the roots and incorporated into amino acids. Urea (CH4N2O) is another significant N source found in many fertilizers; it is transformed into NH4+ and nitrate in the soil through microbial processes. These diverse forms of N are crucial for supporting photosynthesis, protein synthesis, and energy production in plants. The escalating use of ammonium sulphate (NH4)2SO4) as a N source in agriculture prompts a thorough examination of its impact on crop health and productivity. This study aimed to investigate the NH4+ toxicity on rice (Oryza sativa) plants by administering various dosages (0 mM, 5 mM, 7 mM, 10 mM, 12 mM, and 15 mM) and assessing their effects on plant growth parameters, particularly root-shoot lengths, root-shoot fresh biomass along with dry weight. Our research utilized a controlled experimental setup to monitor the growth responses of rice plants to these NH4+ concentrations. Results indicated a clear threshold of tolerance, with adverse effects becoming significant at concentrations starting from 7 mM. At this concentration and higher, there was a noticeable decline in root-shoot lengths, root-shoot biomass and dry biomass, marking the onset of toxicity symptoms in rice plants. These findings suggest a critical need for regulated application of (NH4)2SO4 in rice cultivation to avoid detrimental effects on plant health and yield. The study underscores the importance of establishing safe usage guidelines for (NH4)2SO4 in agriculture, ensuring sustainable farming practices while maintaining crop productivity.

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Section: Root Fresh Biomasssupporting

confidence: 89%

“…The harmful impact of (NH4)2SO4 results in a decrease in root dry weight due to the suppression of primary root length and a loss in root dry weight. Studies conducted by Zhou et al [15] and Jia et al [12] show that higher levels of NH4 + (10 mM and 80 mM) result in a reduction in the root dry weight of rice plants.…”

Section: Root Dry Biomassmentioning

confidence: 97%

Ammonium sulphate induces dose-dependent ammonium stress in rice seedlings

Maurya,

Chaudhary,

Priya

et al. 2024

BIO Web Conf.

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“…Some studies have reported that a high nitrogen supply increases the free amino acids in plants( Zhou et al., 2022 ). Plants use GABA, asparagine and arginine as nitrogen storage and transport amino acids ( Kan et al., 2015 ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The nitrogen-dependent GABA pathway of tomato provides resistance to a globally invasive fruit fly

Li,

Zhang,

et al. 2023

Front. Plant Sci.

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IntroductionThe primary metabolism of plants, which is mediated by nitrogen, is closely related to the defense response to insect herbivores.MethodsAn experimental system was established to examine how nitrogen mediated tomato resistance to an insect herbivore, the oriental fruit fly (Bactrocera dorsalis). All tomatoes were randomly assigned to the suitable nitrogen (control, CK) treatment, nitrogen excess (NE) treatment and nitrogen deficiency (ND) treatment.ResultsWe found that nitrogen excess significantly increased the aboveground biomass of tomato and increased the pupal biomass of B. dorsalis. Metabolome analysis showed that nitrogen excess promoted the biosynthesis of amino acids in healthy fruits, including γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA), arginine and asparagine. GABA was not a differential metabolite induced by injury by B. dorsalis under nitrogen excess, but it was significantly induced in infested fruits at appropriate nitrogen levels. GABA supplementation not only increased the aboveground biomass of plants but also improved the defensive response of tomato.DiscussionThe biosynthesis of GABA in tomato is a resistance response to feeding by B. dorsalis in appropriate nitrogen, whereas nitrogen excess facilitates the pupal weight of B. dorsalis by inhibiting synthesis of the GABA pathway. This study concluded that excess nitrogen inhibits tomato defenses in plant-insect interactions by inhibiting GABA synthesis, answering some unresolved questions about the nitrogen-dependent GABA resistance pathway to herbivores.

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“…This may be due to the activation of a series of genes by NH 4 + , including AMOS1 / EGY1 , which participated in the regulation of NH 4 + -stress signaling ( Li et al, 2012 ; Li B. et al, 2014 ). High NH 4 + damaged chloroplast ultrastructure and decreased the abundance of proteins and transcripts in chloroplasts, such as PsaA ( Shi et al, 2020 ; Zhou et al, 2021 ). The chlorophyll content is a proxy of the leaf photosynthetic capacity ( Croft et al, 2017 ), and our results showed that the lower chlorophyll content was unfavorable by the photosynthate accumulation.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Transcriptome and Proteomics Analysis of Wheat Seedling Roots Reveals That Increasing NH4+/NO3– Ratio Induced Root Lignification and Reduced Nitrogen Utilization

Yang

Zhao

et al. 2022

Front. Plant Sci.

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Wheat growth and nitrogen (N) uptake gradually decrease in response to high NH4+/NO3– ratio. However, the mechanisms underlying the response of wheat seedling roots to changes in NH4+/NO3– ratio remain unclear. In this study, we investigated wheat growth, transcriptome, and proteome profiles of roots in response to increasing NH4+/NO3– ratios (Na: 100/0; Nr1: 75/25, Nr2: 50/50, Nr3: 25/75, and Nn: 0/100). High NH4+/NO3– ratio significantly reduced leaf relative chlorophyll content, Fv/Fm, and ΦII values. Both total root length and specific root length decreased with increasing NH4+/NO3– ratios. Moreover, the rise in NH4+/NO3– ratio significantly promoted O2– production. Furthermore, transcriptome sequencing and tandem mass tag-based quantitative proteome analyses identified 14,376 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and 1,819 differentially expressed proteins (DEPs). The Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway enrichment analysis indicated that glutathione metabolism and phenylpropanoid biosynthesis were the main two shared enriched pathways across ratio comparisons. Upregulated DEGs and DEPs involving glutathione S-transferases may contribute to the prevention of oxidative stress. An increment in the NH4+/NO3– ratio induced the expression of genes and proteins involved in lignin biosynthesis, which increased root lignin content. Additionally, phylogenetic tree analysis showed that both A0A3B6NPP6 and A0A3B6LM09 belong to the cinnamyl-alcohol dehydrogenase subfamily. Fifteen downregulated DEGs were identified as high-affinity nitrate transporters or nitrate transporters. Upregulated TraesCS3D02G344800 and TraesCS3A02G350800 were involved in ammonium transport. Downregulated A0A3B6Q9B3 is involved in nitrate transport, whereas A0A3B6PQS3 is a ferredoxin-nitrite reductase. This may explain why an increase in the NH4+/NO3– ratio significantly reduced root NO3–-N content but increased NH4+-N content. Overall, these results demonstrated that increasing the NH4+/NO3– ratio at the seedling stage induced the accumulation of reactive oxygen species, which in turn enhanced root glutathione metabolism and lignification, thereby resulting in increased root oxidative tolerance at the cost of reducing nitrate transport and utilization, which reduced leaf photosynthetic capacity and, ultimately, plant biomass accumulation.

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Rice seedlings grown under high ammonia do not show enhanced defence responses

Abstract: This is an open access article under the terms of the Creat ive Commo ns Attri bution License, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Cited by 4 publications

References 101 publications

Ammonium sulphate induces dose-dependent ammonium stress in rice seedlings

Ammonium sulphate induces dose-dependent ammonium stress in rice seedlings

The nitrogen-dependent GABA pathway of tomato provides resistance to a globally invasive fruit fly

Transcriptome and Proteomics Analysis of Wheat Seedling Roots Reveals That Increasing NH4+/NO3– Ratio Induced Root Lignification and Reduced Nitrogen Utilization

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