Beverages and FermentationA good deal of research in 2003 focused on optimization of existing wastewater treatment processes for winery, brewery, and distillery wastewater. Malandra et al. (2003) examined the microbiology of biofilms present on rotating biological contactor (RBC) discs treating winery wastewater. It was determined that the microbiological populations, consisting of several bacterial and yeast species, shifted over the duration of the evaluation period and that one particular yeast species was able to achieve high levels of COD reduction in synthetic wastewater. Garcia-Morales et al. (2003) studied the activity of biofilm in a thermophilic anaerobic fluidized bed reactor treating wine distillery wastewater. As a result of these studies, the authors were able to develop activity tests that could be used to determine, among other things, maximum methanogenic activities for various biomass carriers. Tests were also used to evaluate physical phenomena and parameters affecting treatment.Javier Benitez et al. (2003) studied the kinetics of chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal from wine distillery wastewater using both ozonation and aerobic biodegradation. Kinetic parameters were presented for both technologies for both continuous and discontinuous processes.Three different upflow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) reactors were 1590 compared for removal of COD from winery wastewater. One was seeded with granular sludge enriched with Enterobacter sakazakii, the second with brewery granules, and the third with conventional sludge. The first reactor achieved the highest COD removal, followed by the second and third, and it was also noted that the third reactor encountered difficulties which required frequent re-seeding. (Keyser et al., 2003) Hydrogen production from rice winery wastewater using a continuous stirred tank reactor was the research focus of Yu et al. (2003a) Kinetic constants were calculated, and reaction products such as hydrogen, carbon dioxide, alcohol, and organic acids were measured at various hydraulic retention times (HRTs) and substrate concentrations. Grismer et al. (2003) were concerned with obtaining actual full-scale performance data on constructed wetlands used for winery wastewater treatment. Studies were conducted on two different full-scale installations, and decay model coefficients and COD and tannin removal efficiencies were evaluated. Of particular importance was the fact that evaluations were conducted both during the crush season as well as during the racking and bottling season.Anaerobic treatability and beneficial reuse of wastewater from a wine distillery were the focus of research by Jeison, et al. (2003). These researchers investigated the anaerobic treatability of wastewater from a plant producing pisco, a distilled drink prepared from Muscatel wine. Lab-scale and full-scale experiments showed that the wastewater was treatable by anaerobic treatment, 1591 and that the nutrient content of the treated water made it suitable for irrigation of eucalyptus, with the added be...