“…Nonetheless, mRNA level is only an approximate proxy for protein abundance, with a coefficient of determination in the range of ∼0.4–0.6 (Schwanhäusser et al , 2011 ; Wilhelm et al , 2014 ), suggesting that protein synthesis and decay rates are important layers of gene expression regulation. Translational control has been shown to play an important role in shaping the cellular proteome in bacteria (Li et al , 2014 ; Samatova et al , 2020 ; Tollerson & Ibba, 2020 ; Fan et al , 2021 ), eukaryotes (Leppek et al , 2018 ), human cells (Gingold et al , 2014 ; Jang et al , 2015 ), cancer cells (Gonzalez et al , 2014 ; Truitt & Ruggero, 2016 ; Robichaud et al , 2019 ), and virus‐infected cells (Stern‐Ginossar et al , 2019 ; Hernandez‐Alias et al , 2021 ). In Escherichia coli , proteins that are members of multiprotein complexes are produced in precise proportion to their stoichiometry mostly by tuning translation rates (Li et al , 2014 ).…”