Riboflavin Surface Modification of Poly(vinyl chloride) for Light-Triggered Control of Bacterial Biofilm and Virus Inactivation

Abstract

Poly­(vinyl chloride) (PVC) is the most used biomedical polymer worldwide. PVC is a stable and chemically inert polymer. However, microorganisms can colonize PVC producing biomedical device-associated infections. While surface modifications of PVC can help improve the antimicrobial and antiviral properties, the chemically inert nature of PVC makes those modifications challenging and potentially toxic. In this work, we modified the PVC surface using a derivative riboflavin molecule that was chemically tethered to a plasma-treated PVC surface. Upon a low dosage of blue light, the riboflavin tethered to the PVC surface became photochemically activated, allowing for Pseudomonas aeruginosa bacterial biofilm and lentiviral in situ eradication.

New trends in the development of photodynamic inactivation against planktonic microorganisms and their biofilms in food system

“…After the PDI treatment, the spatial structures of biofilms were destroyed, and the encapsulated cells became dispersive and wrinkled. Besides, the riboflavin‐mediated PDI also weakened the attachment of P. aeruginosa to contact surfaces at a dose of 58.3 J/cm 2 under the blue light irradiation (540 nm), thereby improving the eradication efficiency (Munoz et al., 2021).…”

Reassembled One-Dimensional VB2 Submicrorods with Enhanced Photosensitivity and H2O2 Supply for Efficient Antibacterial Therapy

“…However, the short half-life and limited diffusion distance of conventional photogenerated free radicals, such as superoxide anions ( • O 2 – ) and hydroxyl radicals ( • OH), severely restrict the effective therapeutic range of PDT. , Hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ) is a class of inorganic bactericides commonly used in clinical medical care and is more stable than other reactive oxygen radicals such as • O 2 – and • OH. The on-demand supply of H 2 O 2 in local wounds by a photosensitizer with the assistance of light illumination avoids damage to normal tissues from high concentrations of external H 2 O 2 , and the H 2 O 2 retained in the wound after light irradiation may also enable mild post-irradiation treatment. ,, VB 2 (riboflavin), a third-generation photosensitizer derived from food, is now approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) as a food additive and for PDT of keratoconus disease due to its good biosafety. , As an essential bioactive component, VB 2 normally mediates electron transfer in a series of biological redox reactions in the living organism in the form of cofactors (flavin adenine mononucleotide (FAD) and flavin adenine dinucleotide (FMN)). , Specifically, the particular isoalloxazine ring in the structure of VB 2 endows it with the capacity to generate free radicals through type I and type II photosensitized reactions under illumination, making it an ideal candidate as a mediator for PDT. ,, The superior biocompatibility and biodegradability of VB 2 in comparison to conventional metal- and carbon-based semiconductor nanophotocatalysts offer great potential for applications in food preservation, disease diagnosis and therapeutics, and tissue engineering. ,,− Nevertheless, VB 2 also suffers from insufficient water solubility and poor aqueous dispersion stability, which severely limits its efficacy in PDT under physiological conditions. ,,, …”

Anticoagulation polyvinyl chloride extracorporeal circulation catheters for heparin-free treatment

“…12,[27][28][29][30] The pressing clinical need to prevent thrombotic occlusion has led to research on hemocompatibility modification of major parts of ECC biomedical devices (e.g., dialysis membrane or artificial lung membranes). 29,31 However, some limitations persist in these ECC devices because of the activation of leukocytes and platelets owing to the shear stress of high blood flow in catheters, and fibrin and platelets in flowing blood adhering to synthetic material surfaces, resulting in clots blocking the extracorporeal circuitry. 32,33 Though some functional membranes in ECC devices with excellent hemocompatibility have been reported, it is still challenging to realize clinical application without coadministration of soluble heparin.…”

“…Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) possessing certain biocompatibility, tunable mechanical flexibility, transparency, and low cost is widely employed in ECC, but it inevitably relies on anticoagulation drug administration. 31,34,35 Several reports have been devoted to PVC tubing hemocompatibility improvement through surface grafting or surface coating to prevent thrombosis. 6,[36][37][38][39] However, the sophisticated chemical grafting procedures and harsh preparation conditions significantly limit expansion to large-scale application and may compromise the surface selectivity characteristics of the substrate.…”

“…6,[36][37][38][39] However, the sophisticated chemical grafting procedures and harsh preparation conditions significantly limit expansion to large-scale application and may compromise the surface selectivity characteristics of the substrate. 2,31,40 The flushing of blood would easily scour or even delaminate the anticoagulant coating. Given this, physical blending, with easy preparation and controllability, is more appropriate for fabricating massive ECC catheters, and has more potential to reach a commercial scale.…”