Rhythmic and Temporal Processes in Biology

Foster, Russell G.; Peirson, Stuart N.; Whitmore, David

doi:10.1002/3527600906.mcb.200300139

Encyclopedia of Molecular Cell Biology and Molecular Medicine 2006

DOI: 10.1002/3527600906.mcb.200300139

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Rhythmic and Temporal Processes in Biology

Russell G. Foster

Stuart N. Peirson

David Whitmore

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2008

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“…Circadian rhythms are generated by the coordinated activity of cell-autonomous circadian oscillators with period lengths of approximately 24 h (Welsh et al, 1995;Herzog et al, 1998). In all species examined, these endogenous 24-h rhythms appear to be based on transcriptional and translational feedback loops, involving a core set of clock genes (Dunlap, 1999;Shearman et al, 2000;Reppert and Weaver, 2002;Foster et al, 2004). In mammals, the PAS helix-loop-helix transcription factors CLOCK and BMAL1 drive the rhythmic transcription of 3 Period genes (Per1, Per2, and Per3) and 2 Cryptochrome genes (Cry1 and Cry2) (Gekakis et al, 1998;Hogenesch et al, 1998).…”

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Long-Term Constant Light Induces Constitutive Elevated Expression of mPER2 Protein in the Murine SCN: A Molecular Basis for Aschoff’s Rule?

Muñoz¹,

Peirson²,

Hankins

et al. 2005

J Biol Rhythms

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Circadian rhythms in behavior, metabolism, and physiology are based upon transcriptional/translational feedback loops involving a core set of clock genes that interact to regulate their own expression. In mammals, the SCN is the site of a master biological clock regulating circadian locomotor rhythms. The products of the clock genes mPer1, mPer2, mCry1, and mCry2 form essential components of both negative and positive elements within the SCN oscillator. The primary aims of this study were to examine clock gene abundance under longterm LL in an attempt to provide molecular correlates of the lengthened tau and daily phase delays described by Aschoff's rule. Wheel-running behavior was recorded from mice maintained in either DD or LL for 50 days. The abundance of the clock genes mPer1, mPer2, mCry1, and mCry2 and their protein products was then examined (every approximately 4 h) within the SCN using in situ hybridization and immunocytochemistry. Under LL conditions, mPer1, mPer2, mCry1, and mCry2 messages remained rhythmic, although the waveform of mCry2 was altered compared to DD. In LL, mPER1, mCRY1, and mCRY2 protein levels were also rhythmic and comparable to the patterns observed in DD. However, mPER2 is elevated and constitutively expressed under LL. Thus, rhythmic expression of these clock genes is not dependent on the rhythmic production of mPER2, and the acute up-regulation of mPer1 and mPer2 described for short (nonparametric) light pulses is not sustained under LL conditions. These findings suggest that mPER2 is important for the generation of phase delays in the molecular clockwork, providing a possible molecular explanation for Aschoff's rule: LL lengthens the circadian period by inhibiting the degeneration of mPER2, and constitutively elevated levels of mPER2 enhance the phase-delaying limb of the molecular oscillator.

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“…Circadian rhythms in behavior, metabolism, and physiology are a conserved feature across eukaryotic and some prokaryote taxa (Pittendrigh, 1993;Dunlap, 1999;Shearman et al, 2000;Foster et al, 2004). The "master circadian pacemaker" of mammals is located within the paired SCN of the anterior hypothalamus (Ralph et al, 1990).…”

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confidence: 99%

Long-Term Constant Light Induces Constitutive Elevated Expression of mPER2 Protein in the Murine SCN: A Molecular Basis for Aschoff’s Rule?

Muñoz¹,

Peirson²,

Hankins

et al. 2005

J Biol Rhythms

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If I could set the medical agenda for the next ten years …

Foster

2008

The Foundation Years

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Rhythmic and Temporal Processes in Biology

Cited by 2 publications

References 244 publications

Long-Term Constant Light Induces Constitutive Elevated Expression of mPER2 Protein in the Murine SCN: A Molecular Basis for Aschoff’s Rule?

Long-Term Constant Light Induces Constitutive Elevated Expression of mPER2 Protein in the Murine SCN: A Molecular Basis for Aschoff’s Rule?

If I could set the medical agenda for the next ten years …

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