Rhodopsin-Like Ionic Gate Fabricated with Graphene Oxide and Isomeric DNA Switch for Efficient Photocontrol of Ion Transport

Abstract

Rhodopsin, composed of opsin and isomeric retinal, acts as the primary photoreceptor by converting light into electric signals. Inspired by rhodopsin, we have fabricated a light-regulated ionic gate on the basis of the design of a graphene oxide (GO)-biomimetic DNA-nanochannel architecture. In this design, photoswitchable azobenzene (Azo)-DNA is introduced to the surface of porous anodic alumina (PAA) membrane. With modulation of the interaction between the GO blocker and Azo-DNA via flexibly regulating trans and cis states of Azo under the irradiation of visible and ultraviolet light, alternatively, the ionic gate is switched between ON and OFF states. This newly constructed ionic gate can possess high efficiency for the control of ion transport because of the high blocking property of GO and the rather tiny path within the barrier layer which are both first employed to fabricate ionic gate. We anticipate that this rhodopsin-like ionic gate may provide a new model and method for the investigation of ion channel, ion function, and ion quantity. In addition, because of the advantages of simple fabrication, good biocompatibility, and universality, this bioinspired system may have potential applications as optical sensors, in photoelectric transformation, and in controllable drug delivery.

Cooperation Mode of Outer Surface and Inner Space of Nanochannel: Separation-Detection System Based on Integrated Nanochannel Electrode for Rapid and Facile Detection of Salmonella

“…The cross-sectional view with the gold layer is shown in Figure C, which displays the cover of the gold layer on the AAO chip and some gold nanoparticles in the interior of the nanochannel that is close to the outer surface. This might be due to gold atoms entering into the nanochannel during sputtering. ,− The above results indicate that the sputtering of gold did not block the nanochannel and even had a minor change on the geometry morphology of the AAO nanochannel. As shown in Figure for the EDS image, the gold content on the surface of the the AAO-Au nanochannel after gold deposition increased from 0% to 8% compared to the pristine AAO nanochannel, confirming the presence of Au on the AAO-Au nanochannel.…”

Cooperation Mode of Outer Surface and Inner Space of Nanochannel: Separation-Detection System Based on Integrated Nanochannel Electrode for Rapid and Facile Detection of Salmonella

“…The cross-sectional view with the gold layer is shown in Figure C, which displays the cover of the gold layer on the AAO chip and some gold nanoparticles in the interior of the nanochannel that is close to the outer surface. This might be due to gold atoms entering into the nanochannel during sputtering. ,− The above results indicate that the sputtering of gold did not block the nanochannel and even had a minor change on the geometry morphology of the AAO nanochannel. As shown in Figure for the EDS image, the gold content on the surface of the the AAO-Au nanochannel after gold deposition increased from 0% to 8% compared to the pristine AAO nanochannel, confirming the presence of Au on the AAO-Au nanochannel.…”

Aptamer-Functionalized Nanochannels for One-Step Detection of SARS-CoV-2 in Samples from COVID-19 Patients

“…Compared to the XPS spectrum of the bare PAA (gray curve), the spectrum of the APTES- modified PAA (red curve) presents an obvious Si 2p peak (Figure 2f), which indicates successful amino activation for further modification. 38,39 The aptamer that could specifically recognize the target protein, SARS-CoV-2 spike protein, was immobilized on the surface of the barrier layer via a Schiff base reaction verified by the distinct P 2p peak of the XPS spectrum (red curve in Figure 2g). XPS data in Tables S2−S4 also confirm the modification process, indicating that the barrier layer of the PAA film has been successfully turned into the sensing layer for the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein.…”

A Fast and Reversible Responsive Bionic Transmembrane Nanochannel for Dynamic Single-Cell Quantification of Glutathione

“…HeLa cells were incubated with Zn-PPA (10 μM) for 12 h, and the cells were treated with fresh medium and treated with a laser (671 nm, 40 mW/cm 2 ) for 1 min. Moreover, HeLa cells were incubated with erastin (10 μM) for different times (2,4,6,8,10,12 and 24 h), and the cells were treated with fresh medium.…”

Cooperation Mode of Outer Surface and Inner Space of Nanochannel: Separation-Detection System Based on Integrated Nanochannel Electrode for Rapid and Facile Detection of Salmonella

“…The cross-sectional view with the gold layer is shown in Figure C, which displays the cover of the gold layer on the AAO chip and some gold nanoparticles in the interior of the nanochannel that is close to the outer surface. This might be due to gold atoms entering into the nanochannel during sputtering. ,− The above results indicate that the sputtering of gold did not block the nanochannel and even had a minor change on the geometry morphology of the AAO nanochannel. As shown in Figure for the EDS image, the gold content on the surface of the the AAO-Au nanochannel after gold deposition increased from 0% to 8% compared to the pristine AAO nanochannel, confirming the presence of Au on the AAO-Au nanochannel.…”

Aptamer-Functionalized Nanochannels for One-Step Detection of SARS-CoV-2 in Samples from COVID-19 Patients

“…Compared to the XPS spectrum of the bare PAA (gray curve), the spectrum of the APTES- modified PAA (red curve) presents an obvious Si 2p peak (Figure 2f), which indicates successful amino activation for further modification. 38,39 The aptamer that could specifically recognize the target protein, SARS-CoV-2 spike protein, was immobilized on the surface of the barrier layer via a Schiff base reaction verified by the distinct P 2p peak of the XPS spectrum (red curve in Figure 2g). XPS data in Tables S2−S4 also confirm the modification process, indicating that the barrier layer of the PAA film has been successfully turned into the sensing layer for the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein.…”

A Fast and Reversible Responsive Bionic Transmembrane Nanochannel for Dynamic Single-Cell Quantification of Glutathione

“…HeLa cells were incubated with Zn-PPA (10 μM) for 12 h, and the cells were treated with fresh medium and treated with a laser (671 nm, 40 mW/cm 2 ) for 1 min. Moreover, HeLa cells were incubated with erastin (10 μM) for different times (2,4,6,8,10,12 and 24 h), and the cells were treated with fresh medium.…”

Cooperation Mode of Outer Surface and Inner Space of Nanochannel: Separation-Detection System Based on Integrated Nanochannel Electrode for Rapid and Facile Detection of Salmonella

“…The cross-sectional view with the gold layer is shown in Figure C, which displays the cover of the gold layer on the AAO chip and some gold nanoparticles in the interior of the nanochannel that is close to the outer surface. This might be due to gold atoms entering into the nanochannel during sputtering. ,− The above results indicate that the sputtering of gold did not block the nanochannel and even had a minor change on the geometry morphology of the AAO nanochannel. As shown in Figure for the EDS image, the gold content on the surface of the the AAO-Au nanochannel after gold deposition increased from 0% to 8% compared to the pristine AAO nanochannel, confirming the presence of Au on the AAO-Au nanochannel.…”

Aptamer-Functionalized Nanochannels for One-Step Detection of SARS-CoV-2 in Samples from COVID-19 Patients

“…Compared to the XPS spectrum of the bare PAA (gray curve), the spectrum of the APTES- modified PAA (red curve) presents an obvious Si 2p peak (Figure 2f), which indicates successful amino activation for further modification. 38,39 The aptamer that could specifically recognize the target protein, SARS-CoV-2 spike protein, was immobilized on the surface of the barrier layer via a Schiff base reaction verified by the distinct P 2p peak of the XPS spectrum (red curve in Figure 2g). XPS data in Tables S2−S4 also confirm the modification process, indicating that the barrier layer of the PAA film has been successfully turned into the sensing layer for the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein.…”

A Fast and Reversible Responsive Bionic Transmembrane Nanochannel for Dynamic Single-Cell Quantification of Glutathione

“…HeLa cells were incubated with Zn-PPA (10 μM) for 12 h, and the cells were treated with fresh medium and treated with a laser (671 nm, 40 mW/cm 2 ) for 1 min. Moreover, HeLa cells were incubated with erastin (10 μM) for different times (2,4,6,8,10,12 and 24 h), and the cells were treated with fresh medium.…”