Selective
and sensitive detection of highly toxic chemicals by
a suitable, fast, inexpensive, and trustworthy method is vital due
to its serious health threats to humankind and breach of public security
caused by unexpected terrorist attacks and industrial accidents. Phosgene
or carbonyl dichloride is widely employed in many chemical industries
and pharmaceuticals, and in pesticide production, which is extremely
toxic by severe (short-term) inhalation exposure. Because of the non-existence
of a phosgene sensor in aqueous solution and the immense emphasis
gained by nanomaterials, especially carbonaceous materials, augmented
attention has been given to the development of a fluorophore-functionalized
carbon-based method to detect this noxious substance. In this study,
surfactant free 1,8-diaminonaphthalene (DAN)-functionalized graphene
quantum dots (DAN-GQDs) were prepared to detect phosgene in aqueous
solution. The FESEM (field emission scanning electron microscopy)
and HRTEM (high-resolution transmission electron microscopy) analyses
confirm the as-prepared DAN-GQD morphology as nanobuds (NBs) with
an average diameter of ca. 35–40 nm. The crystalline nature,
elemental composition, and chemical state of DAN-GQDs were analyzed
by standard physiochemical techniques. The edge-termination at the
carboxyl functional group of GQDs with DAN was examined by XPS, Raman,
FT-IR, and 1H NMR spectroscopy analyses. The aqueous solution
of DAN-GQDs (4.89 × 10–9 M) exhibits a strong
emission peak at 423 nm upon excitation at 328 nm. The addition of
the phosgene molecule (0 → 88 μL) quenches the initial
fluorescence intensity of DAN-GQDs (ΦF 53.6 →
34.6%) through the formation of a stable six-membered cyclized product.
The DAN-GQDs displayed excellent selectivity and sensitivity for phosgene
(K
a = 3.84 × 102 M–1 and LoD (limit of detection) = 2.26 ppb) over other
competing toxic pollutants in water. The time-resolved fluorescence
analysis confirms that the quenching of DAN-GQDs follows nonradiative
relaxation of excited electrons. Furthermore, bioimaging experiments
of phosgene in living human breast cancer (HeLa) cells and cell viability
test successfully demonstrated the practicability of DAN-GQDs.