Rho GTPases regulate rhabdom morphology in octopus photoreceptors

Abstract

In the cephalopod retina, light/dark adaptation is accompanied by a decrease/increase in rhabdom size and redistribution of rhodopsin and retinochrome. Rearrangements in the actin cytoskeleton probably govern changes in rhabdom size by regulating the degradation/formation of rhabdomere microvilli. Photopigment movements may be directed by microtubules present in the outer segment core cytoplasm. We believe that rhodopsin activation by light stimulates Rho and Rac signaling pathways, affecting these cytoskeletal systems and their possible functions in controlling rhabdom morphology and protein movements. In this study, we localized cytoskeletal and signaling proteins in octopus photoreceptors to determine their concurrence between the lighting conditions. We used toxin B from Clostridium difficile to inhibit the activity of Rho/Rac and observed its effect on the location of signaling proteins and actin and tubulin. In both lighting conditions, we found Rho in specific sets of juxtaposed rhabdomeres in embryonic and adult retinas. In the light, Rho and actin were localized along the length of the rhabdomere, but, in the dark, both proteins were absent from a space beneath the inner limiting membrane. Rac colocalized with tubulin in the outer segment core cytoplasm and, like Rho, the two proteins were also absent beneath the inner limiting membrane in the dark. The distribution of actin and Rho was affected by toxin B and, in dark-adapted retinas, actin and Rho distribution was similar to that observed in the light. Our results suggest that the Rho/Rac GTPases are candidates for the regulation of rhabdomere size and protein movements in light-dark-adapted octopus photoreceptors.

Rho Signaling Mediates Cytoskeletal Re-arrangements in Octopus Photoreceptors*

“…We previously reported the immunocytochemical localization of Rho in the rhabdom compartment of photoreceptors from Octopus bimaculoides (Miller et al 2005). Rho, as well as actin, were present along the length of the rhabdomere and suggested that the Rho GTPases were candidates for the regulation of rhabdomere growth and diminution in the dark and light, respectively.…”

“…Scale bar = 100 µm A–B, 25 µm C–E. Reprinted with permission from Miller et al (2005) Visual Neuroscience 22 : 295–304.…”

“…Miller et al (2005) studied the presence of Rho GTPases in octopus retinas. Immunoblot analyses of whole retinal extracts confirmed the presence of Rho in light- and dark-adapted retinas and confocal microscopy localized Rho in the rhabdoms and showed its co-localization with actin.…”