2004
DOI: 10.1016/s0092-8674(04)00003-0
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Rho and Rac Take Center Stage

Abstract: Many features of cell behavior are regulated by Rho family GTPases, but the most profound effects of these proteins are on the actin cytoskeleton and it was these that first drew attention to this family of signaling proteins. Focusing on Rho and Rac, we will discuss how their effectors regulate the actin cytoskeleton. We will describe how the activity of Rho proteins is regulated downstream from growth factor receptors and cell adhesion molecules by guanine nucleotide exchange factors and GTPase activating pr… Show more

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Cited by 1,649 publications
(1,652 citation statements)
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References 121 publications
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“…It is also important to mention that obscurin contains Rho-GEF domain that may activate small Rho GTPases and was shown to be directly involved in remodeling of actin cytoskeleton in several cell types (Burridge and Wennerberg 2004). It was recently shown that Rho-GTPases were up-regulated in developing chicken heart (Kaarbo et al 2003) and their functional inhibition disrupts cardiac myogenesis in mice (Wei et al 2002).…”
Section: Discussionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…It is also important to mention that obscurin contains Rho-GEF domain that may activate small Rho GTPases and was shown to be directly involved in remodeling of actin cytoskeleton in several cell types (Burridge and Wennerberg 2004). It was recently shown that Rho-GTPases were up-regulated in developing chicken heart (Kaarbo et al 2003) and their functional inhibition disrupts cardiac myogenesis in mice (Wei et al 2002).…”
Section: Discussionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…More backwards, but still at the front Rac1 GTPase regulates actin polymerization, which forms a mesh-like network controlling lamellipodia extension and formation of nascent cell-substratum adhesion. Rac1 directly activate the WAVE family of actin nucleators and phosphoinositides, which are required for activity of actin-nucleating proteins including N-WASP-Arp2/3 complex (Burridge and Wennerberg, 2004;Rohatgi et al, 2001). Finally, at the rear RhoA small GTPase promotes assembly of stress fibers and mature focal adhesions (Burridge and Wennerberg, 2004;.…”
Section: Establishment Of Cell Polaritymentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Rac1 directly activate the WAVE family of actin nucleators and phosphoinositides, which are required for activity of actin-nucleating proteins including N-WASP-Arp2/3 complex (Burridge and Wennerberg, 2004;Rohatgi et al, 2001). Finally, at the rear RhoA small GTPase promotes assembly of stress fibers and mature focal adhesions (Burridge and Wennerberg, 2004;. RhoA activates Rho kinase (ROCK), which in turn activates PTEN and causes actomyosin-based contractility, protrusions collapse and finally cell translocation (Chrzanowska-Wodnicka and Burridge, 1996;Li et al, 2005;Ridley et al, 2011).…”
Section: Establishment Of Cell Polaritymentioning
confidence: 99%
“…The Rho family of small GTPases including Rac, Cdc42 and Rho coordinate to control the formation, respectively, of lamellipodia, filipodia and stress fibers and focal adhesions [5,[20][21][22][23][24][25][26]. The formation of these distinct structures is dependent on actin polymerization (Fig.…”
Section: Rho Family Gtpases Regulate Actin Dynamicsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Bundling of actin filaments with myosin to form stress fibers, itself stimulated by ROCK and myosin light chain kinase, stimulates cell contraction and stabilization of focal adhesions [41][42][43][44], points of integrin-extracellular matrix contact between the ventral surface of the cell and the underlying substrate. Rho-mediated contractility is important for retraction of the cell rear and translocation of the cell body [26]. It follows that the coordinated assembly and disassembly of actin structures is subject to strict temporal and spatial control.…”
Section: Rho Family Gtpases Regulate Actin Dynamicsmentioning
confidence: 99%