Rhipicephalus microplus and Amblyomma sculptum (Ixodidae) infestation of Nellore cattle (Bos taurus indicus) in a farm of the Brazilian Cerrado: seasonality and infestation patterns
“…Interestingly, although cattle have been considered to be major hosts for members of the A. cajennense species complex (e.g. A. mixtum , A. patinoi , A. tonelliae ) in other South American countries [ 1 ], cattle as a host species might not be able to sustain A. sculptum populations [ 23 , 30 ] Fig. 2 Life-cycle of Amblyomma sculptum , a three-host ixodid tick …”
Background
Amblyomma sculptum is a hard tick that is associated with domestic animals and the transmission of Brazilian spotted fever. This association has motivated several field studies on this ixodid tick within its distribution area in South America. Thorough knowledge of the seasonal dynamics of A. sculptum in different ecological scenarios is required in order to better understand the biological characteristics of this tick and develop techniques for the control and prevention of diseases transmitted by this vector. In this article, we systematically review the seasonal dynamics of A. sculptum and tick collection methodology.
Methods
A systematic search of the Scopus, Web of Science, PubMed and Scielo databases was carried out for articles (including dissertations and theses) on the population dynamics of A. sculptum. The inclusion criterion was the report of seasonal dynamic studies on A. sculptum through surveys carried out for at least 1 year with, as methodology, tick collection in the environment and/or tick count/collection on A. sculptum primary hosts (horses or capybaras). Studies carried out before the reclassification of Amblyomma cajennense sensu lato in 2014, which referred to Amblyomma cajennense in areas where it is currently known that only A. sculptum occurs, were also included. Articles meeting the inclusion criterion, but not available in online databases, were also added based on the authors’ experience on the subject. Sixteen articles and one thesis were selected for inclusion in this systematic review.
Results
Most of the studies were carried out in the southeastern region of Brazil, with a few also carried out in the northeast, center-west and south of Brazil and northwest of Argentina. Five techniques/methods were applied across these studies: CO2 traps, dragging, flagging, visual searches and tick counting on animals, used alone or in combination.
Conclusion
Seasonal dynamics of A. sculptum was found to be similar in almost all of the areas studied, with larvae predominating during the autumn, nymphs in the winter and adults in the spring and summer.
Graphical abstract
“…Interestingly, although cattle have been considered to be major hosts for members of the A. cajennense species complex (e.g. A. mixtum , A. patinoi , A. tonelliae ) in other South American countries [ 1 ], cattle as a host species might not be able to sustain A. sculptum populations [ 23 , 30 ] Fig. 2 Life-cycle of Amblyomma sculptum , a three-host ixodid tick …”
Background
Amblyomma sculptum is a hard tick that is associated with domestic animals and the transmission of Brazilian spotted fever. This association has motivated several field studies on this ixodid tick within its distribution area in South America. Thorough knowledge of the seasonal dynamics of A. sculptum in different ecological scenarios is required in order to better understand the biological characteristics of this tick and develop techniques for the control and prevention of diseases transmitted by this vector. In this article, we systematically review the seasonal dynamics of A. sculptum and tick collection methodology.
Methods
A systematic search of the Scopus, Web of Science, PubMed and Scielo databases was carried out for articles (including dissertations and theses) on the population dynamics of A. sculptum. The inclusion criterion was the report of seasonal dynamic studies on A. sculptum through surveys carried out for at least 1 year with, as methodology, tick collection in the environment and/or tick count/collection on A. sculptum primary hosts (horses or capybaras). Studies carried out before the reclassification of Amblyomma cajennense sensu lato in 2014, which referred to Amblyomma cajennense in areas where it is currently known that only A. sculptum occurs, were also included. Articles meeting the inclusion criterion, but not available in online databases, were also added based on the authors’ experience on the subject. Sixteen articles and one thesis were selected for inclusion in this systematic review.
Results
Most of the studies were carried out in the southeastern region of Brazil, with a few also carried out in the northeast, center-west and south of Brazil and northwest of Argentina. Five techniques/methods were applied across these studies: CO2 traps, dragging, flagging, visual searches and tick counting on animals, used alone or in combination.
Conclusion
Seasonal dynamics of A. sculptum was found to be similar in almost all of the areas studied, with larvae predominating during the autumn, nymphs in the winter and adults in the spring and summer.
Graphical abstract
“…This suggests that low-quality foraging was an environmental factor that contributed to the severity of the clinical condition and anemia in affected animals. Due to its climatic conditions, the Cerrado (savannah) biome facilitates the development of four R. microplus generations annually (Siqueira et al 2021). In years when higher temperatures occur in winter, as in the present case, there can be five generations per year (Cruz et al 2020, Nicaretta et al 2021, with the highest challenge by ticks occurring in autumn (Nicaretta et al 2021).…”
Although infestation by Rhipicephalus microplus is mentioned as the cause of death among cattle, there are only studies with artificial infestations in which intense parasitism led to the death of cattle due to severe anemia. This study seems to be the first to describe the epidemiology, clinical-pathological condition, and diagnostic conduct of infestation by R. microplus as the cause of death of European breed calves introduced in shady, enclosed pastures in regions with rainfall prior to the onset of the outbreak. The affected calves presented apathy, anorexia, and anemia and were severely infested by R. microplus. The lethality rate of the outbreak was 36.5%. After the rainy period, the dry season facilitated a decrease in the nutritional status of the affected cattle. The delay in the definitive diagnosis contributed to the economic loss of the farm due to the cost of erroneous treatments and the number of dead cattle. The main factors that contributed to the deaths were climatic, environmental, and individual. This study demonstrates that severe infestations by R. microplus in low-quality pasture-raised calves are fatal and emphasizes the importance of diagnostic tools to reduce the economic loss caused by death due to infestation by ticks.
Background
The tick Amblyomma sculptum is the major vector of Rickettsia rickettsii, the causative agent of the highly lethal Brazilian spotted fever. It has been shown that R. rickettsii inhibits apoptosis in both human endothelial cells and tick cells. Apoptosis is regulated by different factors, among which inhibitors of apoptosis proteins (IAPs) play a central role. In the study reported here, we selected an IAP of A. sculptum that has not yet been characterized to assess its role in cell death and to determine the effects of its gene silencing on tick fitness and R. rickettsii infection.
Methods
An A. sculptum cell line (IBU/ASE-16) was treated with specific double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) for either IAP (dsIAP) or green fluorescent protein (dsGFP; as a control). The activity of caspase-3 and the exposure of phosphatidylserine were determined in both groups. In addition, unfed adult ticks, infected or not infected with R. rickettsii, were treated with either dsIAP or dsGFP and allowed to feed on noninfected rabbits. In parallel, noninfected ticks were allowed to feed on an R. rickettsii-infected rabbit. Ticks (infected or not with R. rickettsii) that remained unfed were used as a control.
Results
Caspase-3 activity and the externalization of phosphatidylserine were significantly higher in IBU/ASE-16 cells treated with dsIAP than in those treated with dsGFP. The mortality rates of ticks in the dsIAP group were much higher than those in the dsGFP group when they were allowed to feed on rabbits, independent of the presence of R. rickettsii. Conversely, lower mortality rates were recorded in unfed ticks.
Conclusions
Our results show that IAP negatively regulates apoptosis in A. sculptum cells. Moreover, IAP-silenced ticks experienced higher mortality rates following the acquisition of a blood meal, suggesting that feeding may trigger the activation of apoptosis in the absence of this physiological regulator. These findings indicate that IAP is a potential antigen for an anti-tick vaccine.
Graphical Abstract
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