Rhinoviruses

Gwaltney, Jack M.

doi:10.1007/978-1-4613-0705-1_22

Cited by 20 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 164 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…This is in concordance with the fact that non-enveloped virus, such as the polyoma viruses, are released from the infected cells by cell lysis (42). Some studies have shown that small amounts of SV40 virions reach the extracellular medium before cell lysis occurs (41,43). Evaluation of a very large number of infected cells in the current study indicated that the vast majority of intranuclear daughter virions remain within the nucleus until cell death by lysis occurs.…”

Section: Insert)mentioning

confidence: 46%

BK Polyoma Virus Allograft Nephropathy: Ultrastructural Features from Viral Cell Entry to Lysis

Drachenberg¹,

Papadimitriou²,

Wali³

et al. 2003

American Journal of Transplantation

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

BK virions must enter the host cell and target their genome to the nucleus in order to complete their life cycle. The mechanisms by which the virions accomplish these tasks are not known. In this morphological study we found that BK virions localized beneath the host cell cytoplasmic membrane in 60-70-nm, smooth (non-coated) monopinocytotic vesicles similar to, or consistent with, caveolae. In the cytoplasm, the monopinocytotic vesicles carrying virions appeared to fuse with a system of smooth, vesicles and tubules that communicated with the rough endoplasmic reticulum and was continuous with the Golgi system. Membrane-bound single virions and large tubuloreticular complexes loaded with virions accumulated in paranuclear locations. Occasional nuclei displayed virions within the perinuclear cisterna in association to the perinuclear viral accumulations. Tubular cells with mature productive infection had large nuclei, distended by daughter virions, whereas they lacked significant numbers of cytoplasmic virions. In addition to virally induced cell necrosis, there was extensive tubular cell damage (apoptosis and necrosis) in morphologically non-infected tubules. The observed ultrastructural interactions between the BK virions and host cells are remarkably similar to viral cell entry and nuclear targeting described for SV40 virus.

show abstract

Section: Insert)mentioning

confidence: 46%

BK Polyoma Virus Allograft Nephropathy: Ultrastructural Features from Viral Cell Entry to Lysis

Drachenberg¹,

Papadimitriou²,

Wali³

et al. 2003

American Journal of Transplantation

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Human rhinoviruses (HRVs), the main causative agents of the common cold occurring worldwide (20), constitute the most extensive genus of the Picornaviridae. The frequent appearance of HRV infections and their economic importance in terms of employee absenteeism, physician visits, and medication costs make it a subject of primary importance (17).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Antiviral Effects of Pyrrolidine Dithiocarbamate on Human Rhinoviruses

Gaudernak

Seipelt

Triendl

et al. 2002

J Virol

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Human rhinoviruses (HRVs) are the predominant cause of the common cold. The frequency of HRV infections in industrial countries and the lack of effective therapeutical treatment underline the importance of research for new antiviral substances. As viral infections are often accompanied by the generation of oxidative stress inside the infected cells, several redox-active substances were tested as potential antivirals. In the course of these studies it was discovered that pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate (PDTC) is an extremely potent compound against HRV and poliovirus infection in cell culture. Besides the ability to dramatically reduce HRV production by interfering with viral protein expression, PDTC promotes cell survival and abolishes cytopathic effects in infected cells. PDTC also protects cells against poliovirus infection. These effects were highly specific, as several other antioxidants (vitamin C, Trolox, 2-mercaptoethanol, and N-acetyl-L-cysteine) are inactive against HRV infection. Synthesis of HRV proteins and cleavage of eucaryotic initiation factor 4G responsible for host cell shutoff of cellular protein synthesis are severely inhibited in the presence of PDTC.

show abstract

“…These serotypes do not appear to turn over in predictable patterns during "the cold season," and there are no data to suggest that they differ much in long-term average fitness; in particular, the major and minor serotype groups appear to be equally successful (14). In this respect, RVs contrast strikingly with other viruses such as influenza virus that are serially replaced each year (15).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In this respect, RVs contrast strikingly with other viruses such as influenza virus that are serially replaced each year (15). Rhinovirus infections can be asymptomatic and typically induce temporary, limited immunity (14), whereas influenza virus infections are often severe and induce long-term immunity (16). Attempts to predict which RV serotypes will become quantitatively more prevalent in future years have not been successful, and the extreme antigenic diversity of rhinoviruses has presented formidable barriers to the development of effective vaccines with broad epitope coverage (17).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Human Rhinovirus Diversity and Evolution: How Strange the Change from Major to Minor

Lewis-Rogers

Seger

Adler

2017

J Virol

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Rhinoviruses are the most common causes of the common cold. Their many distinct lineages fall into "major" and "minor" groups that use different cell surface receptors to enter host cells. Minor-group rhinoviruses are more immunogenic in laboratory studies, although their patterns of transmission and their cold symptoms are broadly similar to those of the major group. Here we present evolutionary evidence that minor-group viruses are also more immunogenic in humans. A key finding is that rates of amino acid substitutions at exposed sites in the capsid proteins VP2, VP3, and VP1 tend to be elevated in minor-group relative to majorgroup viruses, while rates at buried sites show no consistent differences. A reanalysis of historical virus watch data also indicates a higher immunogenicity of minor-group viruses, consistent with our findings about evolutionary rates at amino acid positions most directly exposed to immune surveillance. The increased immunogenicity and speed of evolution in minor-group lineages may contribute to the very large numbers of rhinovirus serotypes that coexist while differing in virulence.IMPORTANCE Most colds are caused by rhinoviruses (RVs). Those caused by a subset known as the minor-group members of rhinovirus species A (RV-A) are correlated with the inception and aggravation of asthma in at-risk populations. Genetically, minor-group viruses are similar to major-group RV-A, from which they were derived, although they tend to elicit stronger immune responses. Differences in their rates and patterns of molecular evolution should be highly relevant to their epidemiology. All RV-A strains show high rates of amino acid substitutions in the capsid proteins at exposed sites not previously identified as being immunogenic, and this increase is significantly greater in minor-group viruses. These findings will inform future studies of the recently discovered RV-C, which also appears to exacerbate asthma in adults and children. In addition, these findings draw attention to the difficult problem of explaining the long-term coexistence of many serotypes of major-and minor-group RVs.KEYWORDS human rhinovirus, immunogenicity, major-group rhinoviruses, minor-group rhinoviruses, molecular evolution C old infections are caused by more than 250 virus serotypes belonging to at least five different families. The most common cold-causing viruses are rhinoviruses (RVs) (10 to 50% of all colds), coronaviruses (10 to 15% of all colds), and influenza viruses (5 to 15% of all colds) (1, 2). Globally, RVs are the primary cause of acute upper respiratory tract infections. Although most such infections are mild, RVs can also replicate in the lower respiratory tract and exacerbate the severity of conditions such as chronic respiratory disease and asthma (3-7).Rhinoviruses are nonenveloped, positive-sense, single-stranded RNA viruses belonging to the genus Enterovirus of the family Picornaviridae that infect epithelial cells that

show abstract

Rhinoviruses

Cited by 20 publications

References 164 publications

BK Polyoma Virus Allograft Nephropathy: Ultrastructural Features from Viral Cell Entry to Lysis

BK Polyoma Virus Allograft Nephropathy: Ultrastructural Features from Viral Cell Entry to Lysis

Antiviral Effects of Pyrrolidine Dithiocarbamate on Human Rhinoviruses

Human Rhinovirus Diversity and Evolution: How Strange the Change from Major to Minor

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About