Rheumatoid Arthritis: Etiology, Treatment and Animal Models

Abstract

Rheumatoid arthritis is an autoimmune disease that can cause joint pain and damage throughout your body. About 75% of Rheumatoid arthritis patients are women. In fact, 1 – 3% of women may get rheumatoid arthritis in their lifetime. The disease most often begins between the ages of 30 and 50. Rheumatoid arthritis occurs when your immune system attacks the synovium, the lining of the membranes that surround your joints. The resulting inflammation thickens the synovium, which can eventually destroy the cartilage and bone within the joint. The tendons and ligaments that hold the joint together weaken and stretch. Gradually, the joint loses its shape and alignment. It also affects other organs of body like: skin, eyes, heart, kidneys, and lungs. The main risk factors that cause Rheumatoid arthritis are Age, Gender, Genetics, weight, smoking, diet, etc. Three main ways to treat rheumatoid arthritis are Drugs, physical therapies and surgery. There are four main groups of drugs that are used to treat rheumatoid arthritis are non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs , disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs and steroids (also known as corticosteroids). Collagen induced arthritis and Adjuvant arthritis are the most commonly used standard animal models in Rheumatoid arthritis. This literature review assessed the sign & symptoms, risk factors, etiology, treatment and standard animal models for Rheumatoid arthritis.
 Keywords: Rheumatoid arthritis, Inflammation, Antirheumatic drugs, Adjuvants, Rat, Mice.

Hyperbilirubinemia Maintained by Chronic Supplementation of Unconjugated Bilirubin Improves the Clinical Course of Experimental Autoimmune Arthritis

“…The animals were randomized into four groups: healthy not treated animals as Control group (CO, n = 7), healthy animals with UCB administration (CO-BIL, n = 8), untreated adjuvant-induced arthritis group (AIA, n = 8) and adjuvant-induced arthritis group administrated with UCB (AIA-BIL, n = 8). AIA was induced by single intradermal shot with suspension of 0.1 mL of 12 mg/mL heat-inactivated Mycobacterium butyricum powder suspended in incomplete IFA (Difco Laboratories, Detroit, MI, USA) applied to the rat tail root region according to our previous experimental protocol [50][51][52]. Therapeutic treatment regime was as follows: UCB was administered 200 mg/kg of body weight daily i.p.…”

“…Single cell electrophoresis (comet assay) [52] was used to evaluate oxidative damage to DNA in lymphocytes isolated from the whole blood collected on 28th day. The levels of the marker for DNA oxidative damage, 8-oxoguanines, were calculated from formamidopyrimidine DNA glycosylase (Fpg) sites, represented by total damage (TD) values reduced about buffer score, where, in TD, i is a class of damage and N is the number of cells in each class: TD = 4 ∑ i = 0 i.N i using the calibration curve y = 134.97x + 7.0612, where y refers to the number of Fpg sites and x refers to breaks of DNA [55].…”

Improving the Standard of Living and Health Status of the RW 07 Community Through Health Education

“…Some symptoms that may be felt by rheumatic sufferers include pain, stiffness, and swelling in the joints, fever, weakness, tightness, eye inflammation, and difficulty walking, bending, or standing. Rheumatism can increase the risk of problems with the heart, arteries, and inflammation of the sac that wraps the heart (Archana & Vinay, 2020;Hysa et al, 2021;Le & Kwon, 2021).…”

An Updated Review on Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA): Epidemiology, Pathophysiology, Diagnosis, and the Current Approaches for Its Treatment

“…Further, other therapies, for example, massage, heat therapy, cold therapy, hydrotherapy, transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation, yoga, and exercise will prove beneficial in the reduction of disease severity and will improve the patient's QoL [32].…”