Rhetoric Versus Reality for the Women of North Korea: Mothers of the Revolution

Jung, Kyungja; Dalton, Bronwen

doi:10.1525/as.2006.46.5.741

Cited by 29 publications

(25 citation statements)

References 6 publications

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“…In the literature, women's identities are described as centred on their productive, reproductive and child‐rearing work (Jung and Dalton ), and often in conflict with one another (Heemskerk ). Pérez Sáinz () suggests that decisions to operate in IE are not motivated by the desire to be self‐employed, as this is not how women see themselves; informality is chosen for lack of other options because of domestic roles.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Value of Formalization for Women Entrepreneurs in Developing Contexts: A Review and Research Agenda

Xheneti

Madden

Karki

2017

Int J Management Reviews

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Formalization is constantly being proposed as being of great benefit to business expansion and success. This claim, however, has not been previously tested through a review of the empirical evidence, especially in relation to the large number of women in the developing world that operate in the informal economy. Therefore, the aim of this review is to systematize the current empirical evidence on gender, the informal economy and formalization, using a narrative synthesis of 76 papers. The papers were analysed along three main analytical themes -identity, institutions, and constraints and preferences -highlighting their conceptualization in studies of different academic disciplines -economics, sociology, entrepreneurship and development. The review calls for more accurate accounts of formalization decisions by widening the lens through which formalization decisions are conceptualized. These should take account of the rich contextual and temporal dimensions central to these decisions, and recognize that gender alone is not a sufficient factor in explaining women's choices in the informal economy. The review also highlights limitations in relation to the limited conceptual and empirical evidence on which development priorities such as formalization are set. The authors propose a research agenda centred on the need for conceptual frameworks that are more sensitive towards the multidimensional contexts of women's choices.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Value of Formalization for Women Entrepreneurs in Developing Contexts: A Review and Research Agenda

Xheneti

Madden

Karki

2017

Int J Management Reviews

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“…Approximately 70% of NK women are estimated to be routinely abused by their husbands in North Korea (H. K. Kim, 2011), which is an internationally isolated country with institutionalized violence (H. Y. Lee & Gerber, 2009), prevailing patriarchal norms (Ministry of Gender Equality and Family [MOGEF], 2010), and no legal sanctions against DV (Jung & Dalton, 2006). During migration, because NK women can be easily manipulated due to their illegal status in intermediary countries such as China, roughly 80% to 90% of them are kidnapped or forced into marriages with Chinese men, prostitution, or sexual slavery (Davis, 2006).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In North Korea, strong patriarchal beliefs are embedded in the nation's political system (Jung & Dalton, 2006). For example, NK women are often forced into sexual exploitation by governmental officials in North Korea (J. S. Park, 2012).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Correlates of Domestic Violence Victimization Among North Korean Refugee Women in South Korea

Kim

Palinkas

2016

J Interpers Violence

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Although many North Korean (NK) refugee women are victims of domestic violence (DV) in North Korea, face sexual exploitation during migration, and remain at risk of DV while adapting to life in South Korea, there is no empirical evidence about risk factors for DV in this population. To fill this gap, this study examined whether gender role beliefs, child abuse history, and sociocultural adaptation were associated with past-year physical, emotional, sexual, and economic abuse, and whether they were associated with multiple forms of abuse. We also explored whether these associations were similar or different across different types of DV among NK refugee women. A sample of 180 ever-married NK refugee women in South Korea from the 2010 National Survey on Family Violence was used for analysis. Physical abuse was associated with more traditional gender role beliefs; emotional abuse and multiple forms of abuse were associated with lower levels of sociocultural adaptation; and sexual and economic abuse were associated with an increased likelihood of childhood abuse and poor sociocultural adaptation. Our study findings underscore the importance of

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“…Many North Koreans use bribery networks to obtain resources from the formal economy and then trade them in the informal sector to make money. This vicious circle from formal to informal weakens the foundations of the North Korean economy and strengthens the informal sector enormously (see more in Jung and Dalton 2006;Haggard and Noland 2013). Women take an active role in the informal economy because the patriarchal dominance of North Korean men means they are necessarily linked to the formal economy (Haggard and Noland 2013;Park 2011).…”

Section: Acknowledgementmentioning

confidence: 99%

“I am well-cooked food”: survival strategies of North Korean female border-crossers and possibilities for empowerment

Kim¹

2014

Inter-Asia Cultural Studies

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More than the half the people who cross the North Korea-China border are women, with most leaving home to seek food, economic benefits and a more comfortable life. From the human rights perspective, it is clear that the dangerous nature of their journeys across the border and their illegal status in China place them in a very vulnerable position with regard to human trafficking and many types of sexual and physical violence. However, some women voluntarily and strategically use migration, marriage and gender as arenas of agency through which to improve their lives and empower themselves. This paper aims to reveal the complexity of these experiences, which occur where specific forms of gender, intimacy and mobility meet. In doing so, I hope to argue for the possibility of agency beyond an overly simplified victim discourse of North Korean border-crossing. I draw on ethnographic fieldwork in South Korea and China to reveal the trajectories of North Korean female border-crossers who developed survival strategies, and employed their gender and sexuality to skilfully use marriage-migration for their own purposes, empowering them to settle or keep moving on to better places. This instrumental orientation to empowerment worked alongside a more normative orientation to helping their "blood" families back in their homeland through remittances or through being able to bring along children from previous marriages. They were willing to adopt the role of temporary "wife" in order to be good "daughters," "sisters" and "mothers" both now and later. In this sense, the North Korean women and their experiences imply an ambivalent approach to marriage and family.

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Rhetoric Versus Reality for the Women of North Korea: Mothers of the Revolution

Cited by 29 publications

References 6 publications

Value of Formalization for Women Entrepreneurs in Developing Contexts: A Review and Research Agenda

Value of Formalization for Women Entrepreneurs in Developing Contexts: A Review and Research Agenda

Correlates of Domestic Violence Victimization Among North Korean Refugee Women in South Korea

“I am well-cooked food”: survival strategies of North Korean female border-crossers and possibilities for empowerment

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