Rheology of plasticine used as rock analogue: the impact of temperature, composition and strain

Zulauf, J.; Zulauf, Gernold

doi:10.1016/j.jsg.2003.07.005

Cited by 52 publications

(34 citation statements)

References 41 publications

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“…More recent experimental studies on boudinage in 2-D or 3-D have used specially designed rigs (Zulauf et al, 2003) and power-law materials with high stress exponents, such as plasticine with n = ∼ 7 (McClay, 1976;Zulauf and Zulauf, 2004;Zulauf et al, 2011). As shown by Schöpfer and Zulauf (2002), plasticine never flows at steady state but is strongly strain hardening, with the stress exponent also increasing (in some mixtures markedly) with increasing strain.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Folding and necking across the scales: a review of theoretical and experimental results and their applications

Schmalholz

Mancktelow

2016

Solid Earth

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Abstract. The shortening and extension of mechanically layered ductile rock generates folds and pinch-and-swell structures (also referred to as necks or continuous boudins), which result from mechanical instabilities termed folding and necking, respectively. Folding and necking are the preferred deformation modes in layered rock because the corresponding mechanical work involved is less than that associated with a homogeneous deformation. The effective viscosity of a layered rock decreases during folding and necking, even when all material parameters remain constant. This mechanical softening due to viscosity decrease is solely the result of fold and pinch-and-swell structure development and is hence termed structural softening (or geometric weakening). Folding and necking occur over the whole range of geological scales, from microscopic up to the size of lithospheric plates. Lithospheric folding and necking are evidence for significant deformation of continental plates, which contradicts the rigid-plate paradigm of plate tectonics. We review here some theoretical and experimental results on folding and necking, including the lithospheric scale, together with a short historical overview of research on folding and necking. We focus on theoretical studies and analytical solutions that provide the best insight into the fundamental parameters controlling folding and necking, although they invariably involve simplifications. To first order, the two essential parameters to quantify folding and necking are the dominant wavelength and the corresponding maximal amplification rate. This review also includes a short overview of experimental studies, a discussion of recent developments involving mainly numerical models, a presentation of some practical applications of theoretical results, and a summary of similarities and differences between folding and necking.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Folding and necking across the scales: a review of theoretical and experimental results and their applications

Schmalholz

Mancktelow

2016

Solid Earth

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“…46% (Scho¨pfer and Zulauf 2002). The black colour results from additional magnetite (Zulauf and Zulauf 2004).…”

Section: Rheology Of the Analogue Materialsunclassified

“…Ramberg 1955Ramberg , 1959Ghosh 1966Ghosh , 1968Ghosh , 1974Ghosh and Ramberg 1968;Cobbold et al 1971;Dubey and Cobbold 1977;Dubey 1980;Cobbold and Quinquis 1980;Ghosh et al 1992;Marques and Cobbold 1995;Kobberger and Zulauf 1995;Dubey 1997;Zulauf et al 2003). Most plasticine types are strain-rate softening, but strain hardening materials consisting of a weak organic matrix and mineral fillers (McClay 1976;Peltzer et al 1984;Weijermars 1986;Kobberger and Zulauf 1995;Scho¨pfer and Zulauf 2002;Zulauf and Zulauf 2004). As the rheological behaviour of most plasticine types is similar to that of rocks undergoing dislocation creep, plasticine can be used as rock analogue to model deformation at deeper structural levels (Zulauf and Zulauf 2004).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Most plasticine types are strain-rate softening, but strain hardening materials consisting of a weak organic matrix and mineral fillers (McClay 1976;Peltzer et al 1984;Weijermars 1986;Kobberger and Zulauf 1995;Scho¨pfer and Zulauf 2002;Zulauf and Zulauf 2004). As the rheological behaviour of most plasticine types is similar to that of rocks undergoing dislocation creep, plasticine can be used as rock analogue to model deformation at deeper structural levels (Zulauf and Zulauf 2004).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Coeval folding and boudinage under plane strain with the axis of no change perpendicular to the layer

Mengong

Zulauf

2005

Int J Earth Sci (Geol Rundsch)

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Plane-strain coaxial deformation of a competent plasticine layer embedded in an incompetent plasticine matrix was carried out to improve our understanding about the evolution of folds and boudins if the layer is oriented perpendicular to the Y-axis of the finite strain ellipsoid. The rock analogues used were Beck's green plasticine (matrix) and Beck's black plasticine (competent layer), both of which are strain-rate softening modelling materials with a stress exponent n=ca. 8. The effective viscosity g of the matrix plasticine was changed by adding different amounts of oil to the original plasticine. At a strain rate _ e of 10 À3 s À1 and a finite strain e of 10%, the effective viscosity of the matrix ranges from 1.2·10 6 to 7.2·10 6 Pa s. The effective viscosity of the competent layer has been determined as 4.2·10 7 Pa s. If the viscosity ratio is large (ca. 20) and the initial thickness of the competent layer is small, both folds and boudins develop simultaneously. Although the growth rate of the folds seems to be higher than the growth rate of the boudins, the wavelength of both structures is approximately the same as is suggested by analytical solutions. A further unexpected, but characteristic, aspect of the deformed competent layer is a significant increase in thickness, which can be used to distinguish plane-strain folds and boudins from constrictional folds and boudins.

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“…Plasticine is a non-linear, viscoelastic, strain-rate softening/hardening material [33], whose exact composition is unknown, but is known to be composed primarily of calcium carbonate, paraffin wax and long-chain aliphatic acids. Due to the presence of paraffin wax, Plasticine is found to exhibit a phase change phenomenon which corresponds to the crystallization point of paraffin wax, allowing it flow in a liquid state beyond this temperature [34].…”

Section: Phase Change Properties Of Plasticinementioning

confidence: 99%

Modelling Phase Change in a 3D Thermal Transient Analysis

Haque¹,

Hampson²

2014

The International Journal of Multiphysics

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Rheology of plasticine used as rock analogue: the impact of temperature, composition and strain

Cited by 52 publications

References 41 publications

Folding and necking across the scales: a review of theoretical and experimental results and their applications

Folding and necking across the scales: a review of theoretical and experimental results and their applications

Coeval folding and boudinage under plane strain with the axis of no change perpendicular to the layer

Modelling Phase Change in a 3D Thermal Transient Analysis

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