Rheology of Basalt in the Melting Range

Shaw, Herbert R.

doi:10.1093/petrology/10.3.510

Cited by 440 publications

(214 citation statements)

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“…Each session records the variation of viscosity at a constant rotation rate of the rod. Usually, the first session records a marked decrease of viscosity, which may be due to shear heating, the tendency for parallel alignment of plagioclase plates, or the tendency for melt to climb the rod (Shaw, 1969;Spera et al, 1988;Ryerson et al, 1988). The significance of the temporal variations of viscosity in each session will be discussed later.…”

Section: Experimental Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Pinkerton and Stevenson (1992), among others, reviewed the methods of correction to obtain the bulk viscosity for melt + crystal systems and indicated that crystal size distribution and the aspect ratio of crystals, in addition to the proportion of crystalline matter, greatly affect the bulk rheological properties of magmas. Previous experimental studies of subliquidus viscometry on basaltic magmas mostly pay little attention to the composition and textures of the crystals and melts (Shaw, 1969;Ryerson et al, 1988;Pinkerton and Norton, 1995). In the present study, we installed a new rotational viscometer to operate at high temperature and one atmosphere under controlled oxygen fugacity, which allows temporal sampling of the melt + crystal at the time of the viscosity measurement.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Viscosity measurement of subliquidus magmas: 1707 basalt of Fuji volcano

Sato

2005

Journal of Mineralogical and Petrological Sciences

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We have installed a new furnace equipped with a rotational viscometer for use in viscometry at high temperature (one atmosphere) under controlled oxygen fugacities. This furnace allows sampling at the time of the viscosity measurement. Utilizing this furnace, we examined the relationship between textural parameters (crystallinity and the apparent aspect ratio of crystals) and viscosity during cooling of a basaltic magma. The 1707 basalt from Fuji volcano was used for the experiment and the result shows a drastic increase in viscosity from the liquidus temperature (1230°C; η = 52 Pa s), through 1170°C (crystallinity = 11%; η = 350 Pa s), to 1130°C (crystallinity = 23%; η = 1950 Pa s). The increase in viscosity during cooling is affected by both the increase of the crystallinity and the change of melt composition as a result of crystallization. For the basalt from Fuji volcano, crystallization of thin tabular plagioclase enhanced the strong effect of crystal entanglement, whereas the changes of melt compositions did not affect the viscosity because of the increase of ferromagnesian components and the decrease of feldspathic component in the residual liquid during crystallization. The effect of the presence of crystals on the viscosity is much larger than that expected from the Einstein Roscoe equation with Marsh's constant (η = η0 (1 − ϕ/0.6) 2.5 ), where ϕ denotes the crystal fraction. The additional correction of Simha on the solid shape parameter slightly overestimates the increase in relative viscosity in the presence of thin platy crystals. A shear rate dependence of the viscosity was observed at lower temperature crystal rich conditions.

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Section: Experimental Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Viscosity measurement of subliquidus magmas: 1707 basalt of Fuji volcano

Sato

2005

Journal of Mineralogical and Petrological Sciences

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“…These vesicle tears probably resulted from movement between the different bands or layers and a higher viscosity within the intergranular-textured band or layer, since vesicle tears are not present in other textured bands or layers. Viscosity is a function of temperature, composition, and crystal content (Shaw and others, 1968;Shaw, 1969; • .. t , ... ..…”

Section: Sample Labelsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The temperatures of Hawaiian lavas are sustained by the heat of crystallization (Lipman and Banks, 1987) and by the heat derived from frictional deformation of the melt (Shaw, 1969). Shaw and Swanson (1970) calculated heat loss during flow was mainly by radiation and a typical flow cooled an average of 50° C over a distance of 200 km in approximately 10 hours.…”

Section: Sample Labelsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Explosion structures in Grande Ronde basalt of the Columbia Riverbasalt group, near Troy, Oregon

Orzol¹

2000

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“…The phenomenon of viscous heating in mantle processes has been well appreciated for a long time [Shaw, 1969] The total effective viscosity r/ used in equation (1) Relative movements between the mantle-lithosphere and the upper and lower crust can produce complicated crustal sublayers with high viscous dissipation close to the crustmantle boundary, where large viscosity jumps with several orders in magnitude and high strain rates occur simultaneously. This sublayer exists in all circumstances we have examined, i.e.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%