Rheological, tensile, and thermal properties of poly(butylene succinate) composites filled with two types of cellulose (kenaf cellulose fiber and commercial cellulose)

Abstract

Kenaf cellulose fiber was extracted from kenaf locally grown in Thailand as a potential local renewable resource for the cellulose fiber. In this study, the biodegradable polymer composites, poly(butylene succinate) (PBS)/cellulose fiber composites with different types of cellulose were prepared. The kenaf fiber treated with hydrochloric acid (KTH), extracted cellulose fiber (EC), and commercial cellulose fiber (CC) were selected as alternative renewable fillers in the PBS (the biodegradable polymer). Regarding the fiber characteristics, the aspect ratio of the EC (11.5) was found to be higher than that of the CC (6.1). In a similar manner, the EC contained 65.9% crystallinity, which was higher than that of the CC (37.0%) and the KTH (58.9%). Moreover, the EC exhibited higher thermal stability (Td[Max] = 362.9°C) than the CC (Td[Max] = 302.0°C) and the KTH (Td[Max] = 353.8°C). For PBS/cellulose fiber composites, the rheological, tensile, and thermal properties were studied. The rheology results revealed that the addition of the fiber changed the PBS microstructure. The EC fiber dispersion in the PBS seemed to be better than the others; however, the KTH fiber dispersion was poor. The addition of the fiber raised the elastic moduli of the composites by 5‐26%; however, it reduced the tensile strengths (by 14‐53%) and the decomposition temperatures (by 1‐2%). Furthermore, the addition of the fiber slightly affected the crystallization temperatures and melting temperatures of the composites. The yellowness and whiteness of the composites were marginally reduced. The composite with the EC fiber showed a significant improvement in the elastic modulus as compared to the composite with the CC fiber, while the tensile strength and the strain at maximum stress were comparable. Thus, according to the rheological, thermal, and tensile properties of the composites, the EC fiber showed a possibility of using as an alternative reinforcement material from a local renewable resource.

A Review of Recent Advances in Hybrid Natural Fiber Reinforced Polymer Composites

“…It is worth mentioning that the amount of cellulose and lignin in the natural fibers depends on the environmental conditions during the plant cultivation, soil properties, irrigation, and extraction techniques (i.e., automatic harvesting or manual extractions) [22]. These characteristics changes the natural fiber's morphology, and consequently, their mechanical and thermal properties [23][24][25][26][27]. The main mechanical properties of the most used natural fibers in hybrid composite materials and their cellulose content are summarised in Tab.…”

Polylactic acid/kenaf cellulose biocomposite filaments for melt extrusion based-3D printing

“…Furthermore, from our previous study (Soatthiyanon et al 2020), our extracted cellulose bers (KF) were found to be decomposed at 337.…”

“…The treated kenaf bers were then washed with water and oven-dried. The dried bers were further treated and bleached in a 50:50 mixture of glacial CH 3 COOH and 30%w/v H 2 O 2 in a 1:20 ber to liquor ratio, at 80 ± 2 o C for 3 h. The bers were subsequently washed with water, followed by warm ethanol and they were then ground to obtained kenaf cellulose bers (KF) (Soatthiyanon et al 2020).…”

Optimization of wheat‐straw‐extracted cellulose via response surface methodology and mechanical properties of its poly(lactide)‐based biocomposites

“…Different researchers suggested different methods including chemical (TEMPO mediated oxidation, hydrochloric acid vapor, ionic liquid, esterification), biological (fungi), thermal (steam explosion, hydrothermal), and physical (grinding, milling) for cellulose extraction. [9][10][11][12][13][14][15] In recent years, the surface response methodology (RSM), the optimization and mathematical model development tool, has been increased dramatically. 16 In an analytical process, optimization is the first step to acquire the distinguished conditions to maximize the preferred responses.…”

“…Different researchers suggested different methods including chemical (TEMPO mediated oxidation, hydrochloric acid vapor, ionic liquid, esterification), biological (fungi), thermal (steam explosion, hydrothermal), and physical (grinding, milling) for cellulose extraction. [ 9–15 ]…”