Rheological behavior of polyacrylonitrile and polyacrylonitrile/lignin blends

Liu, H. Clive; Tuan, Chia-Chi; Davijani, Amir A. Bakhtiary; Wang, Po-Hsiang; Chang, Huibin; Wong, Ching‐Ping; Kumar, Satish

doi:10.1016/j.polymer.2017.01.043

Cited by 40 publications

(25 citation statements)

References 34 publications

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“…An increase in BL in-mixing with PAN showed a deviation from the thermo-reversibility behavior of the PAN, i.e., deviation of G′ and G’’ for the heating/cooling curves, and this trend was also previously observed when DMF was used as solvent and at much lower temperatures up to 60 °C [27]. Hence, this non-conformational behavior of lignin as a blending agent with PAN is not specifically temperature-dependent but is significantly dependent on the concentration of lignin.…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 61%

“…The storage and loss modulus plots as a function of temperature during both the heating and cooling scans are shown in Figure 5. As expected of thermo-reversible polymers [27], the loss modulus (G′′) was greater than the storage modulus (G’) in the entire temperature range showing a liquid-like behavior. There are a few studies on the dynamic rheology of PAN in ionic liquids such as [BMIM]Cl [18,20] or [BMIM]Br [21], or other plasticizers such as dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO)-water mixtures [30] and dimethyl formamide (DMF) [28] at much lower temperatures (for solution spinning & electrospinning) when compared to this study.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 53%

“…The dynamic viscosity at zero shear for the PAN and PAN-BL blends can be calculated from the complex viscosity using the Cox–Merz rule when angular frequency (ω) is equal to zero [27,28]. The effect of temperature on the zero-shear viscosity (η 0 ) of the PAN/BL blends can be better understood using the Arrhenius solution activation energy model (Equation (1)) where ln (η 0 ) is plotted as a function of temperature with the activation energy obtained from the slope of the curve (Figure 4).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Rheology of Polyacrylonitrile/Lignin Blends in Ionic Liquids under Melt Spinning Conditions

et al. 2019

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Lignin, while economically and environmentally beneficial, has had limited success in use in reinforcing carbon fibers due to harmful chemicals used in biomass pretreatment along with the limited physical interactions between lignin and polyacrylonitrile (PAN) during the spinning process. The focus of this study is to use lignin obtained from chemical-free oxidative biomass pretreatment (WEx) for blending with PAN at melt spinning conditions to produce carbon fiber precursors. In this study, the dynamic rheology of blending PAN with biorefinery lignin obtained from the WEx process is investigated with the addition of 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride as a plasticizer to address the current barriers of developing PAN/lignin carbon fiber precursors in the melt-spinning process. Lignin was esterified using butyric anhydride to reduce its hydrophilicity and to enhance its interactions with PAN. The studies indicate that butyration of the lignin (BL) increased non-Newtonian behavior and decreased thermo-reversibility of blends. The slope of the Han plot was found to be around 1.47 for PAN at 150 °C and decreased with increasing lignin concentrations as well as temperature. However, these blends were found to have higher elasticity and solution yield stress (47.6 Pa at 20%wt BL and 190 °C) when compared to pure PAN (5.8 Pa at 190 °C). The results from this study are significant for understanding lignin–PAN interactions during melt spinning for lower-cost carbon fibers.

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Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 61%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 53%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Rheology of Polyacrylonitrile/Lignin Blends in Ionic Liquids under Melt Spinning Conditions

et al. 2019

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“…14 Research interest has been focused on utilizing lignin as bio-polymer or bio-filler [15][16][17] in the formulation and preparation of biomaterials. Restrictively, lignin has been used as filler material in thermoplastic polymers, 18,19 thermosetting polymers 20,21 and rubbers 22,23 with limited positive or even negative influences on the material's mechanical properties. In general, the properties of lignin-based composites are far from satisfactory by adding lignin as particulate filler to a polymer.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Lignin Bio-Based Material in Unsaturated Polyester

Ngo¹,

Patenaude²,

Ahvazi³

2019

Cellulose Chem. Technol.

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The potential utilization of lignin, as a natural-based material, in unsaturated polyester (UPE) has been investigated. Kraft (Indulin AT) and sulfite lignin (ArboSO1) samples from forestry biomass and their consistencies in UPE were evaluated by qualitative and quantitative methods. The tensile and impact properties of the cured UPE with and without lignins, as well as fracture surfaces, were also studied. The result indicated that the ash content is quite high for lignosulfonate ArboSO1. NMR spectra show significant differences almost in the entire spectral region for the two lignins. The aliphatic hydroxyl groups were found more uniform in Indulin AT than in ArboSO1. Indulin AT seems to have more pronounced condensed units than ArboSO1. The guaiacyl units in Indulin AT were found to be more uniform and of higher magnitude than in ArboSO1, similarly to free phenolic units. However, the terminal carboxylic content in ArboSO1 was found to be higher than in Indulin AT. The investigation by SEM showed that the particles of the two lignins are porous and have different sizes, mostly less than 100 µm. The addition of different concentrations of lignins increased the viscosity of UPE; however, the viscosity was still suitable for processing at the lignin loading levels. The results also indicated that the lignin types and loadings did influence the tensile properties, but not the impact property of the UPE. The modulus of UPE decreased almost linearly with the loading of ArboSO1 for both UPEs. On the other hand, the modulus of UPE leveled up for Indulin AT only at 10 and 20 wt% loading. The positive effect of adding 10 wt% of both lignin samples on the tensile strength of UPE was demonstrated. The presence of lignin affected the fracture surface of the UPE systems, regardless of the lignin type and consistency. This novel approach could reduce costs and environmental impact of manufacturing UPE products, while improving their quality.

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“…Lignin is a complex and amorphous polyphenolic molecule with high density of functional groups, making it potentially promising for materials applications . Recently, renewable alternatives to traditional petroleum‐derived plastics have motivated recent interest in bio‐based composite materials which can contribute to the reduction of the environmental footprint . Nowadays, there are several application openings for industrial lignin, mostly for Kraft lignin due to the important position of the kraft pulping process in the pulp and paper industry .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Development of high bio‐content polypropylene composites with different industrial lignins

Dias

Sain

Cesarino

et al. 2018

Polymers for Advanced Techs

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Sustainability, eco‐efficiency, pollution prevention, industrial ecology, and green chemistry are considering platform‐based approaches to the development of the next generation of products and processes. Recently, renewable alternatives to traditional petroleum‐derived plastics have motivated recent interest in bio‐based composite materials which can contribute to the reduction of the environmental footprint. Lignin is a complex and amorphous biopolymer with a high density of functional groups and high modulus, which makes it potentially promising for material applications. In this sense, lignin can potentially be employed to improve the performance of materials and an economical alternative to convert lignin into high value‐added materials. Two different types of Kraft lignin were incorporated into polypropylene to fabricate composites with high bio‐content. In this study, polypropylene, Kraft lignin, and coupling agent were subjected to reactive extrusion. The composites prepared by melt processing were compared in terms of morphological, mechanical, and thermal characterizations. The results revealed that the incorporation of lignin into polypropylene matrix resulted in composites with properties suitable for various industrial sectors, especially those in which mechanical and thermal properties are crucial, such as the replacement of engineering plastics and polypropylene mineral filled. As a result, this work provides an effective way of using lignin as a low‐cost bio‐renewable resource in the plastics industry.

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Rheological behavior of polyacrylonitrile and polyacrylonitrile/lignin blends

Cited by 40 publications

References 34 publications

Rheology of Polyacrylonitrile/Lignin Blends in Ionic Liquids under Melt Spinning Conditions

Rheology of Polyacrylonitrile/Lignin Blends in Ionic Liquids under Melt Spinning Conditions

Lignin Bio-Based Material in Unsaturated Polyester

Development of high bio‐content polypropylene composites with different industrial lignins

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