Rheological behavior and particle alignment of cellulose nanocrystal and its composite hydrogels during 3D printing

Ma, Tao; Lv, Linxiang; Ouyang, Chengzheng; Hu, Xinna; Liao, Xiaojun; Song, Yi

doi:10.1016/j.carbpol.2020.117217

Cited by 95 publications

(41 citation statements)

References 45 publications

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“…The dispersant can be depleted from the vicinity of walls by the presence of large particles [ 93 ], which in our case can be aggregates of CNF or CNF itself because their length can be longer than 3 μm. It has been reported earlier that hydrogels based on cellulose nanocrystals also exhibit shear thinning behavior [ 31 ]. However, it is worth noting that high viscosity at low shear rates (in our work, 2.6 × 10 6 and 7976 Pa·s −1 for AA/ImCl and AA/ChCl, respectively) can be achieved with a large content of cellulose nanocrystals (10–25 wt%) [ 73 , 75 ] or by using additional polymers such as poly(ethylene glycol) hexadecyl ether and poly(ethylene glycol) diacrylate [ 94 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, it is worth noting that high viscosity at low shear rates (in our work, 2.6 × 10 6 and 7976 Pa·s −1 for AA/ImCl and AA/ChCl, respectively) can be achieved with a large content of cellulose nanocrystals (10–25 wt%) [ 73 , 75 ] or by using additional polymers such as poly(ethylene glycol) hexadecyl ether and poly(ethylene glycol) diacrylate [ 94 ]. High viscosity at low shear rates is necessary to prevent material leakage from the nozzle during 3D-printing [ 31 ]. In our work, the use of CNF allows obtaining dispersions with a suitable viscosity at low shear rates even at 1 wt% of cellulose content.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This is particularly the case for imidazolium-based ILs. Viscosity and viscoelasticity are among the main properties of compositions used for 3D-printing of cellulose-based materials [ 31 ]. Continuous flow through the nozzles is achieved due to shear thinning, while shape preservation of the material after extrusion is provided by high storage modulus [ 32 , 33 , 34 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…For example, rheological properties of IL-cellulose formulations used for 3D-printing have been modified by the addition of dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) [ 43 ]. An important benefit of application of IL-based solvents is their ability to prevent the collapse of 3D-printed materials—a common problem in the case of water-based inks [ 31 ]. However, investigations regarding the application of ILs for 3D-printing of cellulose-based materials remain few.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Polymerizable Choline- and Imidazolium-Based Ionic Liquids Reinforced with Bacterial Cellulose for 3D-Printing

et al. 2021

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In this work, a novel approach is demonstrated for 3D-printing of bacterial cellulose (BC) reinforced UV-curable ion gels using two-component solvents based on 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride or choline chloride combined with acrylic acid. Preservation of cellulose’s crystalline and nanofibrous structure is demonstrated using wide-angle X-ray diffraction (WAXD) and atomic force microscopy (AFM). Rheological measurements reveal that cholinium-based systems, in comparison with imidazolium-based ones, are characterised with lower viscosity at low shear rates and improved stability against phase separation at high shear rates. Grafting of poly(acrylic acid) onto the surfaces of cellulose nanofibers during UV-induced polymerization of acrylic acid results in higher elongation at break for choline chloride-based compositions: 175% in comparison with 94% for imidazolium-based systems as well as enhanced mechanical properties in compression mode. As a result, cholinium-based BC ion gels containing acrylic acid can be considered as more suitable for 3D-printing of objects with improved mechanical properties due to increased dispersion stability and filler/matrix interaction.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Polymerizable Choline- and Imidazolium-Based Ionic Liquids Reinforced with Bacterial Cellulose for 3D-Printing

et al. 2021

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“…The TSP ink without added hydrocolloids in Figure 3 A had the maximum viscosity, while the addition of hydrocolloid reduced the viscosity of TSP ink to a different degree, which all benefit from the shear-thinning behavior of the hydrocolloid. This shear-thinning behavior allows ink with high viscosity to flow effectively during printing so that it can be smoothly squeezed out from the nozzle [ 41 ]. The viscosity of the ink with xanthan gum is reduced the most, making the ink viscosity optimum.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

3D Printing of Steak-like Foods Based on Textured Soybean Protein

Chen

Zhang

Bhandari

2021

Foods

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Due to the lack of a sufficient amount of animal protein and the pursuit of health and reduced environmental impact, the global demand for plant protein is increasing. This study endeavors to using textured soybean protein (TSP) or drawing soy protein (DSP) as raw materials to produce steak-like foods through 3D printing technology. The textural difference between fried 3D printed samples and fried commercial chicken breast (control) was studied. The results show that different ink substrates (TSP and DSP) and hydrocolloids (xanthan gum, konjac gum, sodium alginate, guar gum, sodium carboxymethyl cellulose, and hydroxyethyl cellulose) were the keys to successful printing. The ink composed of TSP and xanthan gum had the best printing characteristics and sample integrity after frying. It was found that different infilling patterns and infill rates had a significant effect on the texture properties of the fried samples. When the triangle infilling pattern was used at an infill rate of 60%, the product had had the closest hardness (2585.13 ± 262.55), chewiness (1227.18 ± 133.00), and gumminess (1548.09 ± 157.82) to the control sample. This work proved the feasibility of using 3D printing based on plant protein to produce steak-like food with texture properties similar to chicken breast.

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The Effects of Shear Stress on the Micromechanical Properties of 3D Printable Biopolymer Nanocomposites Using a Custom‐Designed Extrusion‐Based 3D Printer

Hashemi,

Mondal,

Patil

et al. 2024

Adv Eng Mater

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Current advancements in 3D printing technology have the potential to facilitate the production of scaffolds and implants for various biomedical applications, including bone repair and regeneration. 3D printed patient‐specific bone‐inspired nanocomposite grafts might be a viable alternative to current bone repair treatment methods if they provide appropriate anatomic structure, biocompatibility, and adequate mechanical properties. In the current work, a 3D printable nanocomposite biomaterial ink with bone cell biocompatibility (in vitro) is printed while adjusting shear stress during extrusion using a custom‐designed 3D printer to investigate the shear stress effect on the mechanical properties of the 3D printed nanocomposite. Tensile test results, as well as polarized light microscopy and differential scanning calorimetry analyses, reveal that increasing the applied shear stress from 3.5 to 14 kPa during extrusion‐based 3D printing in a custom‐built 3D printer, increased the strength, tensile modulus, and toughness of printed nanocomposite filaments by about three‐fold. This improvement is attributed to increased crystallinity in the thermoset biopolymer matrix due to the higher shear stress and the nano‐confinement effect. This implies that greater shear during layer‐by‐layer extrusion‐based 3D printing might be employed to create more robust mechanically competent 3D printed nanocomposite bone grafts.

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Rheological behavior and particle alignment of cellulose nanocrystal and its composite hydrogels during 3D printing

Cited by 95 publications

References 45 publications

Polymerizable Choline- and Imidazolium-Based Ionic Liquids Reinforced with Bacterial Cellulose for 3D-Printing

Polymerizable Choline- and Imidazolium-Based Ionic Liquids Reinforced with Bacterial Cellulose for 3D-Printing

3D Printing of Steak-like Foods Based on Textured Soybean Protein

The Effects of Shear Stress on the Micromechanical Properties of 3D Printable Biopolymer Nanocomposites Using a Custom‐Designed Extrusion‐Based 3D Printer

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