Rheological and tectonic modeling of salt provinces

Weijermars, Ruud; Jackson, Martin P. A.; Vendeville, Bruno C.

doi:10.1016/0040-1951(93)90208-2

Cited by 340 publications

(202 citation statements)

References 109 publications

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“…The latter are derived either from an analytic approach (e.g. Weijermars et al, 1993) or from dimensional analysis and the formulation of dimensionless numbers (Buckingham, 1914; Table 2). …”

Section: Scaling and Similitudementioning

confidence: 99%

“…Weldon et al, 2004): in slip-predictable models the amount of slip depends on the duration of the previous inter-seismic period, while in time-predictable models the duration of the inter-seismic period depends on the size of the last event. However, no indication of such a predictability has been found in nature or in analogue earthquake models (e.g Rubinstein et al, 2012) except for spring-slider models (e.g.…”

Section: Earthquake Statisticsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Analogue earthquakes and seismic cycles: experimental modelling across timescales

2017

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Abstract. Earth deformation is a multi-scale process ranging from seconds (seismic deformation) to millions of years (tectonic deformation). Bridging short-and long-term deformation and developing seismotectonic models has been a challenge in experimental tectonics for more than a century. Since the formulation of Reid's elastic rebound theory 100 years ago, laboratory mechanical models combining frictional and elastic elements have been used to study the dynamics of earthquakes. In the last decade, with the advent of high-resolution monitoring techniques and new rock analogue materials, laboratory earthquake experiments have evolved from simple spring-slider models to scaled analogue models. This evolution was accomplished by advances in seismology and geodesy along with relatively frequent occurrences of large earthquakes in the past decade. This coincidence has significantly increased the quality and quantity of relevant observations in nature and triggered a new understanding of earthquake dynamics. We review here the developments in analogue earthquake modelling with a focus on those seismotectonic scale models that are directly comparable to observational data on short to long timescales. We lay out the basics of analogue modelling, namely scaling, materials and monitoring, as applied in seismotectonic modelling. An overview of applications highlights the contributions of analogue earthquake models in bridging timescales of observations including earthquake statistics, rupture dynamics, ground motion, and seismic-cycle deformation up to seismotectonic evolution.

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Section: Scaling and Similitudementioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Earthquake Statisticsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Analogue earthquakes and seismic cycles: experimental modelling across timescales

2017

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“…For example, in sedimentary basins, salt can accommodate block rotations of overlying sedimentary strata (Fig. 6a), as described by Duval et al (1992) and Weijermars et al (1993).…”

Section: Folds Developed Above Normal Shear Zonesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mechanisms for folding of high-grade rocks in extensional tectonic settings

Harris

Koyi

Fossen

2002

Earth-Science Reviews

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This review of structures developed in extensional high-grade terrains, combined with results of centrifuge analogue modelling, illustrates the range of fold styles and mechanisms for folding of amphibolite to granulite facies rocks during rifting or the collapse of a thrust-thickened orogen. Several extensional fold mechanisms (such as folding within detachment shear zones) are similar to those in contractional settings. The metamorphic P -T -t path, and not fold style or mode of formation, is therefore required to determine the tectonic setting in which some folds developed. Other mechanisms such as rollover above and folding between listric normal shear zones, and folding due to isostatic adjustments during crustal thinning, are unique to extensional tectonic settings. Several mechanisms for folding during crustal extension produce structures that could easily be misinterpreted as implying regional contraction and hence lead to errors in their tectonic interpretation. It is shown that isoclinal recumbent folds refolded by open, upright folds may develop during regional extension in the deep crust. Folds with a thrust sense of asymmetry can develop due to high shear strains within an extensional detachment, or from enhanced back-rotation of layers between normal shear zones. During back-rotation folding, layers rotated into the shortening field undergo further buckle folding, and all may rotate towards orthogonality to the maximum shortening direction. This mechanism explains the presence of many transposed folds, folds with axial planar pegmatites and folds with opposite vergence in extensional terrains. Examples of folds in high-grade rocks interpreted as forming during regional extension included in this paper are from the Grenville Province of Canada, Norwegian

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“…The polymer used in the experiments works as a proxy for natural salt; it has been tested in many previous studies and is widely accepted as a representative for natural rock salt (Weijermars 1986;Weijermars et al 1993). The material is a clear polymer known as PDMS (polydimethylsiloxane) and has a high viscosity (2.5e4 Pas).…”

Section: Experimental Designmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Effect of A Pre-Deposited Mobile Substrate On Terminal-Fan Evolution and Channel Organization: Tank Experiments

Chatmas

Kim

Kocurek

2017

Journal of Sedimentary Research

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DedicationDepositional processes and interactions with a mobile substrate are seen in passive margins throughout the world. The interplay between brittle stratigraphic layers and a deformable substrate resulted in a complex stratigraphic record due to dynamic feedback influences. During the Late Jurassic, a fluvial-dump-wind-redistribute system deposited sediment on top of the pre-deposited Louann Salt layer in the eastern part of the early Gulf of Mexico basin. By using simplified, scaled-tank experiments we are able to investigate the evolution of a linked fan and terminal channel system in response to subsidence in a mobile substrate. A series of experiments were conducted with controlling variables including salt substrate thickness, sediment supply rate, and basin slope. Fan surface area and morphology, number of terminal channels, channel longevity, and geometry were measured along each experiment. Experimental results indicate: (1) an increase in substrate thickness resulted in increased subsidence around the fan that limited sediment transport to its terminal channels, (2) a higher sediment discharge rate vii on a thin substrate resulted in faster fan progradation coupled with less subsidence and more sediment transport to terminal channels, and (3) a higher-sloped experiment caused the largest amount of sediment transport downstream, while a decrease in basin slope resulted in a larger number of established channels along with a wider fan surface. An analysis of surface processes is also used to determine the expected stratigraphy between a linked fan and terminal channel system as it interacted with the mobile substrate.

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Rheological and tectonic modeling of salt provinces

Cited by 340 publications

References 109 publications

Analogue earthquakes and seismic cycles: experimental modelling across timescales

Analogue earthquakes and seismic cycles: experimental modelling across timescales

Mechanisms for folding of high-grade rocks in extensional tectonic settings

The Effect of A Pre-Deposited Mobile Substrate On Terminal-Fan Evolution and Channel Organization: Tank Experiments

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