Rheological and mechanical properties of polylactide nanocomposites reinforced with the cellulose nanofibers with various surface treatments

Ying, Zeren; Wu, Defeng; Wang, Zhifeng; Xie, Wenyuan; Qiu, Yaxin; Wei, Xiujuan

doi:10.1007/s10570-018-1862-8

Cited by 45 publications

(17 citation statements)

References 62 publications

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“…The intensity on the meridian peak is especially evident for in situ grafting (Figure d), indicating PHBV protrusion on the CNC surface. Azimuthal integration further reduced the 2-D SAXS to the 1D curve with the peak intensity as an indicator of the degree of orientation (Figure e) . Even considering the superimposing effect of the aligned PHBV molecule in the matrix (black square in Figure e), the composites derived via in situ grafting shows a pronounced high peak intensity, unlike the smaller peaks for direct and CA-assisted compounding.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 97%

“…Azimuthal integration further reduced the 2-D SAXS to the 1D curve with the peak intensity as an indicator of the degree of orientation (Figure 3e). 39 Even considering the superimposing effect of the aligned PHBV molecule in the matrix (black square in Figure 3e), the composites derived via in situ grafting shows a pronounced high peak intensity, unlike the smaller peaks for direct and CA-assisted compounding. The larger and unevenly distributed shear force experienced by the CNC and the bulky PHBV protuberance that synergistically align the CNC fiber long the flow direction may be the cause of this intensity.…”

Section: Acs Sustainable Chemistry and Engineeringmentioning

confidence: 98%

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Comparative Study of Direct Compounding, Coupling Agent-Aided and Initiator-Aided Reactive Extrusion to Prepare Cellulose Nanocrystal/PHBV (CNC/PHBV) Nanocomposite

Zheng

Clemons

Pilla

2019

ACS Sustainable Chem. Eng.

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Three compounding methods were compared to determine their effects on the organization of the interphase in nanocomposites of poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate) (PHBV) and cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) processed via (1) direct compounding, (2) reactive extrusion using a coupling agent (PHBV-g-GMA), or (3) reactive extrusion using a peroxide free-radical initiator (dicumyl peroxide, DCP). Tensile testing showed that only the peroxide-aided extrusion resulted in improvement in strength by 13%. Analyzing the interphases via DSC, WAXRD, SAXS, ATR-FTIR, and XPS helped relate the compounding methods to mechanical performance. Distinct PHBV−CNC graft configurations were found by analyzing CNCs isolated from each of the three composite types. Use of DCP led to polymer grafting, incomplete coverage of PHBV on the CNC surface, and many interpolymer cross-links. The result was robust matrix−CNC interfacial interaction and alignment of the CNCs, which yielded the best mechanical properties. Conversely, adding a coupling agent led to less actual PHBV grafts but greater coverage of the CNC surface relative to DCPinduced grafting. Although the CNCs were more dispersed, the lower PHBV grafting limited interfacial stress transfer and, consequently, reinforcement. While the direct compounding led to the less-dispersed CNC particles in the matrix with higher polymer coverage of flexible polymeric chain.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 97%

Section: Acs Sustainable Chemistry and Engineeringmentioning

confidence: 98%

Comparative Study of Direct Compounding, Coupling Agent-Aided and Initiator-Aided Reactive Extrusion to Prepare Cellulose Nanocrystal/PHBV (CNC/PHBV) Nanocomposite

Zheng

Clemons

Pilla

2019

ACS Sustainable Chem. Eng.

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“…The T c and crystallinity of 1PEO/1CNC/1Silane samples were increased because of the restricted mobility of the polymer chains, indicating a better interfacial interaction between the modified filler (silane treated CNC) and the matrix. Silane acted as a compatibilizer which facilitated the dispersion and penetration of CNCs within the polymer matrix [23].…”

Section: Crystallization Behavior Of the Composite Filmsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Silane compatibilzation to improve the dispersion, thermal and mechancial properties of cellulose nanocrystals in poly (ethylene oxide)

Chanda

Bajwa

Holt³

et al. 2021

Nanocomposites

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Cellulose nanocrystal (CNC) has potential to be used as a reinforcement in polymeric nanocomposites because of their inherent biodegradability, universal accessibility, and superior mechanical properties. The most crucial challenge faced in the nanocomposite production is dispersing the nanoparticles effectively in the polymer matrix, so that the exceptional mechanical properties of the nanoparticles can be transferred to the macroscale properties to the bulk nanocomposites. In this research, a safe, effective and ecofriendly modification was used to functionalize the surface hydroxyl groups of CNC via silane treatment. These modified CNCs were used as reinforcements to prepare poly (ethylene oxide) (PEO)/CNC nanocomposites. The composites were prepared using solvent casting method. The composite properties were evaluated using Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Thermo-Gravimetric Analysis (TGA), Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC), and Dynamic Mechanical Analysis (DMA). The SEM micrographs demonstrated that the composites incorporated with silane treated CNCs showed improvement in the dispersion behavior of the nanoparticles in the matrix. Oxidative combustion of the composites containing silane treated CNCs promoted char formation and enhanced thermal stability. The composites containing (1:1) silane treated CNCs exhibited the better crystallization ability, highest storage modulus, and lowest tan d value compared to the other silane treated systems indicating improved dispersion of CNC. The polysiloxane network provided an efficient surface covering of the CNC molecules, imparting reduced polar surface characteristics and enhancing the overall mechanical properties of the composites.

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“…19 CNFs have a very large specific surface area, high modulus, and high strength, 20 which have been used to reinforce composite materials. 21 CNFs also have been used to enhance supercapacitors, 22,23 hydrogels, 24−26 coatings, 27 and aerogels. 28 Additionally, CNFs have received considerable attention because of their renewable raw material, nontoxicity, and high performance.…”

Section: ■ Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Cellulose nanofibers (CNFs), a kind of nanoscale biological material, have attracted growing interest in recent years, which is attributable to their advantages, such as the capability to significantly improve thermal and mechanical properties, as well as their high availability, and high length-to-diameter ratio . CNFs have a very large specific surface area, high modulus, and high strength, which have been used to reinforce composite materials . CNFs also have been used to enhance supercapacitors, , hydrogels, − coatings, and aerogels .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Improving Bond Performance and Reducing Cross-linker Dosage for Soy Flour Adhesives Inspired by Spider Silk

Zhang

Meng

Zhan³

et al. 2020

ACS Sustainable Chem. Eng.

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Soy-based adhesives are environmentally friendly alternatives to the harmful formaldehyde-based resins in manufacturing wood-based panels. However, almost all of the modification methods use large amounts of additives that negatively impact the environment. Therefore, using a low-dosage cross-linker to improve both adhesive bond performance and toughness remains a challenge in soy-based adhesive modification, thereby limiting its applicability. Inspired by the microphase-separated structure giving spider silk high toughness and performance, TEMPO-oxidized cellulose nanofibers (TOCNFs, hard phase) were grafted by the hydroxymethyl melamine prepolymer (HMP, enhance the TOCNFs/SF interface) to form HTs, and then mixed with soy flour (SF, soft phase) to develop a novel soy protein-based adhesive. This microphase structure effectively improved the toughness of the soy-based adhesive, while the HTs reacted with SF to form a cross-linked structure, which enhanced the water resistance of the soy-based adhesive and hindered the formation and expansion of cracks during the breaking process. The results show that by using only 0.7% HTs in the adhesive formulation, the dry and wet shear strengths of the resultant plywood increase by 117 and 322%, respectively, while wood failure reaches 90%, which satisfies the requirements for interior plywood use. Thus, using a low-dosage (72–94% lower compared to those in the literature) nanomaterial to build a microphase-separated structure in a soy-based adhesive is a promising means for plywood production.

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Rheological and mechanical properties of polylactide nanocomposites reinforced with the cellulose nanofibers with various surface treatments

Cited by 45 publications

References 62 publications

Comparative Study of Direct Compounding, Coupling Agent-Aided and Initiator-Aided Reactive Extrusion to Prepare Cellulose Nanocrystal/PHBV (CNC/PHBV) Nanocomposite

Comparative Study of Direct Compounding, Coupling Agent-Aided and Initiator-Aided Reactive Extrusion to Prepare Cellulose Nanocrystal/PHBV (CNC/PHBV) Nanocomposite

Silane compatibilzation to improve the dispersion, thermal and mechancial properties of cellulose nanocrystals in poly (ethylene oxide)

Improving Bond Performance and Reducing Cross-linker Dosage for Soy Flour Adhesives Inspired by Spider Silk

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