Rhamnose and muramic acid: chemical markers for bacterial cell walls in mammalian tissues

Gilbart, James William; Fox, Alvin; Whiton, Robert S.; Morgan, Stephen L.

doi:10.1016/0167-7012(86)90052-7

Cited by 34 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 16 publications

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“…However, due to the variety of bacteria present, speciation is complex and rarely exhaustive (Gallup et al, 1993). Considerable diversity is reported with Gram-positive cocci (including staphylococci and micrococci), pleomorphic organisms (including diphtheroids) and rods (including bacill) all being common (Macher et al, 1991;Harrison et al, 1992;Gallup et al, 1993;Godish et al, 1993;Maroni. et al, 1993).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…PG has a glycan (polysaccharide) backbone that is a repeating polymer of N-acetylglucosamine and N-acetylmuramic acid. Muramic acid is unique to bacteria and since it does not occur elsewhere in nature it is a definitive marker for bacteria (Fox et al, 1980;Gilbart et al, 1986). Although used to quantify levels of PG in a variety of matrices, there have been few previous measurements of the levels of muramic acid in airborne dust.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Quantification of Muramic Acid, a Marker for Bacterial Peptidoglycan, in Dust Collected from Hospital and Home Air-Conditioning Filters using Gas Chromatography - Mass Spectrometry

Fox

Rosario

1994

Indoor Air

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The development of standardized non‐culture‐based approaches capable of assessing microbial contarnination of airborne dust is sorely needed. Direct chemical analysis has previously been successfully used for measuring components unique to Gram‐negative bacteria. In the present study, dust from primary filters of hospital air‐conditioning intake systems (which filter incoming outdoor and recirculated air) and dust from secondary room filters (filtering primarily indoor air) were analyzed. Dust from home air‐condition‐ing filters (which also filter outdoor air, with recirculation) were also analyzed. Muramic acid is an aminosugar present in Gram‐positive and Gram‐negative bacterial cell walls and can serve as a measure of bacterial contamination in dust. Samples were analyzed by gas chromatography‐mass spectrometry after hydrolysis and conversion of released sugars (including muramic acid) to alditol acetates. Primary hospital filters contained 26.3 ± 10.0 ng of muramic acid/mg dust while secondary filters contained 5.3 ± 5.4 ng/mg. The level of inuramic acid in home air‐conditioner dust was 31.7 ± 13.4 ng/mg. This study of dust collected from air‐conditioners demonstrates the feasibility of chemical assessment of the microbial contamination of indoor air.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Quantification of Muramic Acid, a Marker for Bacterial Peptidoglycan, in Dust Collected from Hospital and Home Air-Conditioning Filters using Gas Chromatography - Mass Spectrometry

Fox

Rosario

1994

Indoor Air

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“…Derivatization was performed as previously described. 8 One milliliter of water was added to the preparations containing human-mouse heterohybridoma cells and 3.5 mL were added to those containing Penicillium cells. After sonication, 0.5-mL aliquots were withdrawn and heated at 100°C for 3 h in 2N H2S04; N,N-dioctylmethylamine in chloroform (50% v/v, 1.25 mL) was added for neutralization.…”

Section: Alditol Acetate Derivatizationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Detection of bacterial contamination in cultures of eucaryotic cells by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry

Elmroth

Fox

Holst

et al. 1993

Biotech & Bioengineering

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The use of gas chromatography-mass spectrometry for early detection of bacterial contaminations in cultures of baker's yeast, Penicillium chrysogenum, and an animal cell line was evaluated; muramic acid and characteristic cellular fatty acids were used as analytes. By analyzing branched-chain and cyclopropane-substituted fatty acids as methyl esters, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Bacillus subtilis, Lactobacillus reuteri, Enterobacter cloacae, and Pseudomonas fluorescens were detected in a 500-fold excess (w/w) of baker's yeast; the amounts injected corresponded to 300 ng (dry mass) of the bacteria. Contamination with Bacillus was detected in cultures of Penicillium chrysogenum and animal cells by analyzing muramic acid, both as its alditol acetate derivative, using electron impact ionization, and its trifluoroacetyl methyl glycoside derivative, using negative ion-chemical ionization. The trifluoroacetylated derivative was detected in injected amounts corresponding to 1 x 10(3) bacterial cells in the contaminated animal cell line, whereas amounts corresponding to 1 x 10(5) bacteria were required for detection of the alditol acetate derivative; the amounts in the original samples were 5 x 10(5) and 5 x 10(6), respectively. However, the alditol acetate method exhibited lower chemical interferences than the trifluoroacetyl methyl glycoside procedure. The results show the potential of using gas chromatographic-mass spectrometric analysis of cellular constituents for the detection of bacterial contaminations in eucaryotic cultures as an alternative to conventional microbiological methods.

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“…After systemic administration, persisting bacterial peptidoglycan-polysaccharide complexes cause chronic inflammation in animal models (Fox et al, 1980;Gilbart and Fox, 1987;Gilbart et al, 1986). In contrast, small subunits of PG are rapidly eliminated in vivo and do not cause chronic inflammation (Parant et al, 1979;Ambler and Hudson, 1984;Tomasic et al, 1980;.…”

Section: Muramic Acid Detection In Mammalian Tissues and Body Fluidsmentioning

confidence: 96%

“…Ion trap GC-MS/MS has been used for "absolute" identification at trace levels of muramic acid in human body fluids (Fox et al, 1986). This is the only report to date using GC-MS/MS to detect muramic acid or indeed any other bacterial constituent in a human-animal body fluid or tissue.…”

Section: Muramic Acid Detection In Mammalian Tissues and Body Fluidsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Profiling and Trace Detection of Bacterial Cellular Carbohydrates

Fox

Glycomicrobiology

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Rhamnose and muramic acid: chemical markers for bacterial cell walls in mammalian tissues

Cited by 34 publications

References 16 publications

Quantification of Muramic Acid, a Marker for Bacterial Peptidoglycan, in Dust Collected from Hospital and Home Air-Conditioning Filters using Gas Chromatography - Mass Spectrometry

Quantification of Muramic Acid, a Marker for Bacterial Peptidoglycan, in Dust Collected from Hospital and Home Air-Conditioning Filters using Gas Chromatography - Mass Spectrometry

Detection of bacterial contamination in cultures of eucaryotic cells by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry

Profiling and Trace Detection of Bacterial Cellular Carbohydrates

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