RFID Tag Failure after Thermal Overstress

Abstract

In this work the failure modes and mechanisms are investigated of a commercially available RFID tag, when it is exposed to extreme temperatures well beyond specifications. Both erroneous functioning and malfunctioning are observed after a thermal cycle exposing the tag to an elevated temperature in the 300-550 • C range. Void formation is the dominant failure, leading to a complete malfunction of the tag. Sporadically, the RFID tag returns a wrong identification code after extreme thermal cycling. This effect is caused by relatively weak bits flipping from "1" to "0" and seems consistent with existing retention models.

Meta-Material Sensor Based Internet of Things: Design, Optimization, and Implementation

“…Equation ( 10) is accurate and computational efficient when the number of meta-IoT sensors is small. Nevertheless, (10) is not fit the case whose number of meta-IoT sensors is large as the summation still incurs high computation complexity.…”

“…Moreover, based on (12), to align the phase of the received signals when different Tx antennas are transmitting, the added phase for beamforming in (10) can be set to…”

“…In contrast, if the received signal model for the small number of meta-IoT sensors case is adopted, then based on (10) and the above analyses, the computational complexity of all the…”

“…Since N M is large in the considered scenarios, then using Eq. ( 11) rather than (10) for the calculation of received signals can efficiently reduce the computational complexity.…”

“…Nevertheless, they still require sophisticated RF energy harvesters and microchips for sensing and signal modulation, which makes their cost unable to be cheap enough for massive deployment [8]. Moreover, the microchips in the RFID sensors are likely to encounter unexpected electrical failures and breakdowns when their service time is long, especially when they are deployed in harsh environments [10]. In this case, human intervention and maintenance are also inevitable which will incur heavy tasks of finding and replacing failed sensors.…”