Reward value of brain stimulation is inversely related to uncertainty about its onset.

Cantor, Michael B.; LoLordo, Vincent M.

doi:10.1037/h0032533

Cited by 16 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 22 publications

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“…These fmdings are consistent with a view that in an optimal situation where preference for signal emerges when shock is modifiable, scrambling eliminates the preference on both Day 1 and Day 2 of training. These results would indicate that the Furedy-Walters (1970) results have failed in replication and do not warrant citation as evidence for (scrambled) PSS (e.g., Cantor & LoLordo, 1972). The present experiment further suggests that elimination of pretraining strengthens the PSS phenomenon with modifiable (unscrambled) shocks.…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 54%

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Preference for signaled shock phenomenon: Direct and indirect evidence for modifiability factors in the shuttlebox

Furedy

Biederman

1976

Animal Learning & Behavior

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Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 54%

“…Cantor & LoLordo, 1972) for preference for signaled unmodifiable shock inasmuch as these experiments failed to show preference in a reliable scrambled shock procedure. Experiment I showed no significant preference by Day 2 when rigorous scrambling procedures were used.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Preference for signaled shock phenomenon: Direct and indirect evidence for modifiability factors in the shuttlebox

Furedy

Biederman

1976

Animal Learning & Behavior

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“…Recently Pollock and Kornetsky (1990), using pharmacological probes, inferred that rats worked to terminate medial forebrain bundle ICS due to the nociceptive properties of the noncontingent stimulation. In contrast, although some rats have been shown to prefer a signaled or response-contingent ICS over unsignaled or noncontingent ICS (Cantor and Lolordo, 1970;Tsang and Stutz, 19841, others prefer noncontingent ICS over no stimulation (Cantor and Lolordo, 1972), arguing that noncontingent stimulation may not only be nonaversive, it may indeed have positive reinforcing properties.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ventral tegmental self‐stimulation selectively induces opioid peptide release in rat CNS

Stein

1993

Synapse

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Intracranial self-stimulation (ICS) is thought to activate neuronal systems involved in processing natural reinforcing agents. Metabolic mapping studies have previously demonstrated a subset of CNS structures specifically engaged by ICS in animals receiving stimulation actively vs. passively. Since opiates are known to enhance ICS behavior and presumably its reinforcing properties, the current study addressed the question of the role of opioid peptides as mediators of ICS. Rats were trained on a fixed ration (FR) 20 schedule of responding maintained by ICS. Following response stabilization, rats were assigned either to an active or a corresponding yoked stimulation group at 1 of 2 schedules of reinforcement (i.e., FR1-YFR1, FR20-YFR20, or sedentary control), and opioid peptide release was inferred from in vivo receptor occupancy. Autoradiographic analyses identified 3 groups of structures. Treatment-induced alterations in occupancy were seen in the medial dorsal nucleus of the thalamus, basolateral amygdala, ventral pallidum, medial habenula, dorsal raphe, posterior hypothalamus, substantia nigra pars compacta, agranular preinsular cortex, and zona incerta. Depending upon the structure, peptide release was dependent upon stimulus contingency (active vs. yoked) and/or schedule (FR1 vs. FR20). Evidence for ICS-induced inhibition of peptide release was found in the habenula and preinsular cortex. Nine additional structures, all components of, or receiving projections from, the limbic system, revealed complex interactions between ICS treatment and the electrode side. Finally, a widespread ipsilateral increase in receptor binding was seen rostrally from the cingulate, olfactory tubercle, and nucleus accumbens, along the lateral hypothalamus and hippocampus, and extending caudally to the substantia nigra and ventral tegmentum. These later effects appear to be related to stimulation-induced changes in blood flow and subsequent ligant presentation increases. Collectively, these data point towards the ability of rewarding brain stimulation to activate discrete neuronal opioid systems contingent upon specific behavioral as well as stimulus conditions.

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“…Direct comparisons between elicited behaviors and intracranial self-stimulation were facilitated by the use of the shuttlebox apparatus, which avoided the problem of aversive effects of noncontingent brain stimulation (Cantor & LoLordo, 1972;Steiner et aI., 1969). Using this procedure, rearing was primarily associated with the onset of the train of brain stimulation and grooming with the offset.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In contrast, elicited behaviors are usually studied by repeatedly presenting long durations of stimulation (15-60 sec) noncontingently, each followed by a similar inter stimulation interval. Moreover, the reward value of brain stimulation decreases when the stimulation is noncontingent and unsignaled (Cantor & LoLordo, 1972). In fact, rats will learn to escape brain stimulation delivered noncontingently in exactly the same pattern they had previously generated in a self-stimulation test (Steiner, Beer, & Shaffer, 1969).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Relationship of grooming and rearing to reinforcing stimulation of lateral hypothalamus in rats

Kooy

Phillips

1978

Psychobiology

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Grooming and rearing behavior were studied in relation to the reinforcing properties of brain stimulation within a single experimental paradigm. Rats displayed self-stimulation behavior in a shuttlebox by locomoting to and from one side of the box where lateral hypothalamic stimulation was continuously available. Rearing was observed primarily on the stimulation side of the box whereas grooming was observed mainly on the no-stimulation side. These differential associations of grooming and rearing with lateral hypothalamic stimulation were less pronounced under conditions where the same pattern of stimulation was administered noncontingently. The theoretical relationship of species-specific behaviors to reinforcement systems in the rat brain is discussed.

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Reward value of brain stimulation is inversely related to uncertainty about its onset.

Cited by 16 publications

References 22 publications

Preference for signaled shock phenomenon: Direct and indirect evidence for modifiability factors in the shuttlebox

Preference for signaled shock phenomenon: Direct and indirect evidence for modifiability factors in the shuttlebox

Ventral tegmental self‐stimulation selectively induces opioid peptide release in rat CNS

Relationship of grooming and rearing to reinforcing stimulation of lateral hypothalamus in rats

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