“…Whether we view urologic surgery from the standpoint of techniques (cystoscopy, ureteroscopy, percutaneous renal surgery, laparoscopic surgery), disease processes (stones, strictures, tumors, anatomic abnormalities), or location (urethra, bladder, ureter, kidney, adrenal, retroperitoneum), it is abundantly apparent that the advances in endoscopic system design (scopes, light sources, cameras, recording devices) have been the driving forces in the rapid evolution of minimally invasive procedures [1][2][3]. Combined with new technologies for stone comminution (ultrasound, electrohydraulic, pneumatic, laser), electrocautery, and tissue ablation (electrosurgical units, both uni-and bipolar; laser; harmonic scalpel; argon beam; cryoablation; radiofrequency ablation), endourology, the urologic subspecialty of minimally invasive surgery, has experienced an unprecedented rise over the past 25 years [14][15][16][17][18][19][20].…”