Revolution and Counter-Reform: The Paradoxes of Drug Policy in Bolivarian Venezuela

Antillano, Andrés; Zubillaga, Verónica; Ávila, Keymer

doi:10.1007/978-3-319-29082-9_7

Drug Policies and the Politics of Drugs in the Americas 2016

DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-29082-9_7

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Revolution and Counter-Reform: The Paradoxes of Drug Policy in Bolivarian Venezuela

Andrés Antillano

Verónica Zubillaga

Keymer Ávila

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Cited by 3 publications

(2 citation statements)

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“…4 Among these is the sharp political polarization that has produced significant deinstitutionalization and fragmentation of the state, all of which has found expression in the deterioration of basic spheres of social life, such as the system of administering justice, the police (involved directly in killings and organized crime), and the collapse of prisons. These trends correlate with the strengthening of criminal networks and simultaneously with the fact that there is an intense competition among them for control of territories and illicit economies (see Antillano, Zubillaga, and Ávila 2016).…”

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Micropolitics in a Caracas Barrio: The Political Survival Strategies of Mothers in a Context of Armed Violence

Zubillaga

Llorens

Souto

2019

Lat. American Res. Rev.

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Venezuela has one of the highest rates of homicide in the Americas. Those who are dying are mostly men, and most are shot. Based on ethnographic research in poor, urban neighborhoods in Caracas, where guns are abundant and the state is absent, this article focuses on the repertoire of responses of mothers of armed young men toward violence. How are mothers responding to meet the extreme challenges of safeguarding the survival of their families? In what ways do they participate in the containment but also in the dissemination of violence? We describe the safeguarding practices deployed by women, which we interpret as political survival strategies. Drawing on women's narratives, we have identified four strategies that contribute differently to the containment and reproduction of violence: submission and taking refuge, collaborating, resisting, and negotiating or forging of pacts. Venezuela tiene una de las tasas de homicidio más altas de América. La mayoría de las víctimas son hombres que han recibido disparos. Basado en una investigación etnográfica en barrios pobres caraqueños, donde hay abundancia de armas y ausencia del Estado, este artículo se enfoca en el repertorio de respuestas a la violencia de madres de hombres jóvenes armados. ¿Cómo responden las madres a los desafíos extremos de cuidar y procurar la sobrevivencia de sus familias? ¿De qué maneras participan tanto para contener la violencia como para estimularla? Describimos las prácticas de salvaguarda utilizadas por las mujeres que interpretamos como estrategias políticas de sobrevivencia. Utilizando las narrativas de las mujeres hemos identificado cuatro estrategias que contribuyen de manera distinta a la contención ya la reproducción de la violencia: someterse y refugiarse, colaborar, resistir y negociar o forjar pactos. Caracas, the city that we inhabit, has been reported to be the "world's most violent city. 1 People here live with intense fear, constantly seeing themselves as potential victims (Rotker 2000). Some of the particularities of this violence are, on the one hand, a sharp increase over the past fifteen years in violent crimes, especially homicides, and on the other hand, the fact that these deaths resulting from armed confrontations between men and between men and police officers take place mostly in the poor barrios. 2 Amid this bleak scenario we learned of a remarkable case in which the mothers of victims brokered a ceasefire. This negotiation took place in the community of Carache, a barrio near the Miraflores Presidential Palace in the center of Caracas, after the murder of a young man by another young male from a rival area 1 Venezuela Investigative Unit (January 27, 2106). Caracas World's Most Violent City: Report. Insight Crime. http://www .insightcrime.org/news-briefs/caracas-most-violent-city-in-the-world-2015-report. 2 Caracas, like other Latin American cities, has notorious divisions. Barrios are areas, spaces of self-construction and daily struggles, where those excluded from urban areas engage to achieve better life condition...

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confidence: 99%

Micropolitics in a Caracas Barrio: The Political Survival Strategies of Mothers in a Context of Armed Violence

Zubillaga

Llorens

Souto

2019

Lat. American Res. Rev.

Self Cite

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“…They held up the Spear‐Berry murders as emblematic of a larger problem and identified it as a driving force behind the protests. Less than a year after the death of President Hugo Chávez, the killing of Mónica Spear and the ensuing student protests marked the beginning of a series of crises that engulfed the country and helped legitimate a draconian shift in the government's approach to security (Zubillaga ; Antillano, Zubillaga, and Ávila ; Smilde ). Not only did Chávez's handpicked successor, President Nicolás Maduro, take a hard‐line position with opposition protesters, he also adopted a harshly punitive model of policing against the popular sectors—his own political base…”

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confidence: 99%

The Subject of Wrongs: Crime, Populism, and Venezuela’s Punitive Turn

Samet

2019

Cult. Anthropol.

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This article draws on research in Venezuela to make a broader argument about the link between populism and injury. Specifically, it considers the role that crime victimhood plays in the rise of punitive populism or the so‐called punitive turn. Under President Hugo Chávez, the Venezuelan government publicly denounced tough‐on‐crime policies as instruments of socioeconomic oppression. Following Chávez's death, there was an abrupt change of course due, in part, to the opposition's mobilization of crime victims. The Venezuelan case illustrates a double bind that confronts scholars who are critical of the punitive turn. On the one hand, the figure of the crime victim mediates the body politic in a way that reproduces structures of racial and economic domination. On the other hand, the failure to substantively address the material injuries of crime victims propels grassroots support for punitive populism. Instead of focusing on the subject of rights, this article proposes starting with the subject of wrongs as a bottom‐up approach to political subjectivity that can help us understand the dynamic behind punitive populism and show us a way out of the double bind.

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Luces para entender el prohibicionismo: los orígenes sudamericanos de la “guerra contra las drogas”

Beckmann

2021

rev. estud. soc.

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The present article hopes to contribute to a growing literature that challenges the dominant interpretations of the “war on drugs,” which assume that South America has been merely a recipient and victim of external drug policy models. Through the analysis of official documents, protocols of diplomatic conferences and media reports, the article shows that since the 1970s South American governments promoted and developed prohibitionist drug policies based on their own interests and initiatives. This new contextualization helps understanding why prohibition remains the most important approach to drug policy today, despite its evident failure.

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Revolution and Counter-Reform: The Paradoxes of Drug Policy in Bolivarian Venezuela

Cited by 3 publications

References 7 publications

Micropolitics in a Caracas Barrio: The Political Survival Strategies of Mothers in a Context of Armed Violence

Micropolitics in a Caracas Barrio: The Political Survival Strategies of Mothers in a Context of Armed Violence

The Subject of Wrongs: Crime, Populism, and Venezuela’s Punitive Turn

Luces para entender el prohibicionismo: los orígenes sudamericanos de la “guerra contra las drogas”

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