Revival of a focus of visceral leishmaniasis in central Sudan

Khalil, E. A. G.; Musa, A.; Elgawi, Sara Hamad Hassab; Meshasha, A.; Eldawla, I. Gamar; Elhassan, Mona; Eljaleel, K. A.; Younis, Brima M.; Elfaki, Mona E.E.; Elhassan, Ahmed M.

doi:10.1179/136485908x252269

Cited by 15 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 4 publications

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“…The area is considered as a revived focus of (Visceral Leishmaniasis) (VL) [13]. Generally, the area is entirely located in the semi-desert dominated by desert scrub vegetation (i.e.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Insecticide resistance in the sand fly, Phlebotomus papatasi from Khartoum State, Sudan

et al. 2012

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BackgroundPhlebotomus papatasi the vector of cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) is the most widely spread sand fly in Sudan. No data has previously been collected on insecticide susceptibility and/or resistance of this vector, and a first study to establish a baseline data is reported here.MethodsSand flies were collected from Surogia village, (Khartoum State), Rahad Game Reserve (eastern Sudan) and White Nile area (Central Sudan) using light traps. Sand flies were reared in the Tropical Medicine Research Institute laboratory. The insecticide susceptibility status of first progeny (F1) of P. papatasi of each population was tested using WHO insecticide kits. Also, P. papatasi specimens from Surogia village and Rahad Game Reserve were assayed for activities of enzyme systems involved in insecticide resistance (acetylcholinesterase (AChE), non-specific carboxylesterases (EST), glutathione-S-transferases (GSTs) and cytochrome p450 monooxygenases (Cyt p450).ResultsPopulations of P. papatasi from White Nile and Rahad Game Reserve were sensitive to dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT), permethrin, malathion, and propoxur. However, the P. papatasi population from Surogia village was sensitive to DDT and permethrin but highly resistant to malathion and propoxur. Furthermore, P. papatasi of Surogia village had significantly higher insecticide detoxification enzyme activity than of those of Rahad Game Reserve. The sand fly population in Surogia displayed high AChE activity and only three specimens had elevated levels for EST and GST.ConclusionsThe study provided evidence for malathion and propoxur resistance in the sand fly population of Surogia village, which probably resulted from anti-malarial control activities carried out in the area during the past 50 years.

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“…The area is considered as a revived focus of (Visceral Leishmaniasis) (VL) [13]. Generally, the area is entirely located in the semi-desert dominated by desert scrub vegetation (i.e.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Insecticide resistance in the sand fly, Phlebotomus papatasi from Khartoum State, Sudan

et al. 2012

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“…Case detection and drug treatment is the most efficient method of control. Anti-leishmanial drugs pose serious problems due to cost and increased drug-related toxicities [4][5][6][7][8][9]. Development of a safe, effective and cheap vaccine seems to offer a real solution for controlling the disease.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Immune Response Modifying Effects of Bee Venom Protein [Melittin]/Autoclaved L. donovani complex in CD1 Mice: The Search for New Vaccine Adjuvants

Saeed¹,

Khalil²

2017

J Vaccines Vaccin

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Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is a major cause of morbidity/mortality in remote areas of East Africa. Vaccines for VL can provide an effective control measure to help control/eliminate this fatal disease. To date there is no effective anti-leishmanial vaccine. There is an urgent need to develop effective adjuvants-potentiated anti-leishmanial vaccines. Bee venom protein, melittin is a natural substance that is reported to boost the immune system providing rapid non-specific defense against infections. This study aimed to determine the immune response modifying effects of melittin and melittin/Autoclaved Leishmania donovani [ALD] complex on Swiss CD1 Albino mice. One hundred and eighty five CD1 mice were divided into control [no vaccine] and vaccine groups [3 doses of ALD alone, melittin, melittin/ALD mixture or melittin-adsorbed ALD]. Whole blood cytokines levels [IL-10, IFN-γ and TNF-α] were measured using commercial ELISA kits. ALD alone group showed significant increase in mean levels of IL-10, IFN-γ and TNF-α compared to controls [p=0.00004, p=0.01 and p=0.00001 respectively]. The Melittin and Melittin/ALD mixture-vaccinated mice showed significant increase in IL-10 and IFN-γ mean levels [IL-10 p=0.00001, p=0.00003; IFN-γ p=0.03, p=0.035 respectively], while the mean levels of TNF-α decreased significantly [p=0.00009, p=0.001] compared to controls. Melittin-adsorbed ALD reduced significantly the mean levels of IL-10, IFN-γ and TNF-α [p=0.00001, p=0.00008 and p=0.000001 respectively]. In conclusion, melittin alone and Melittin/ALD complex affected significantly Th1 and Th2 immune responses in Swiss CD1 Albino mice. Meltttin could be a potentially effective adjuvant for future anti-leishmania vaccines.

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“…While the species of Leishmania initiating the infection primarily dictates clinical presentation, a single Leishmania species can elicit a range of pathologies [1], [2], [3]. The specific factors that influence clinical outcome of these infections remains to be completely elucidated, but likely is influenced by host genetics or immune responses [4], potentially different sand fly vector species or populations [5], [6], [7], and/or the presence of Leishmania spp.…”

Section: Leishmaniasis In the Middle East And North Africamentioning

confidence: 99%