Revisiting the Role of Hyperparasitism in the Evolution of Virulence

Sandhu, Simran; Морозов, А.; Holt, Robert D.; Barfield, Michael

doi:10.1086/712351

Cited by 20 publications

(30 citation statements)

References 57 publications

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“…There are previous models which have not implemented virulence of the hyperparasite in this way (Sandhu 2021), but this is the consistent way to use the term virulence, since the hyperparasite is exploiting the intermediate parasite, rather than the base host as might occur in a superinfection model. It is a key unique feature of hyperparasites.…”

Section: 𝑑𝑆mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…They assume 100% hitchhiking, meaning that an infection event between a susceptible host and a hyperinfected host will always transmit both pathogens to the new host but assume reduced transmission of a hyperparasitized parasite ( 𝑐 & < 1 in our general framework) and have a parameter which measures the difference in transmissibility that occurs through hitchhiking (S and H contact, called vertical transmission in Taylor et al 1998). Recently, Sandhu et al 2021 examined the coevolution of hyperparasites and parasites with an explicit adaptive dynamical model. They predict that hyperparasites will always select for higher parasite virulence in their host, although they can still act as excellent biocontrol agents as they reduce parasite prevalence, and also show the interesting possibility of evolutionary suicide.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Current hyperparasite theory has often been focused on specific systems and therefore makes system specific assumptions about the impact of the hyperparasite on its host (Taylor et al 1998, Morozov et al 2007 although Sandhu et al 2021 has recently pursued more general results.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The Evolutionary Dynamics of Hyperparasites

Northrup

Parratt

Rozins

et al. 2021

Preprint

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Evolutionary theory has typically focused on pairwise interactions, such as those between hosts and parasites, with relatively little work on more complex interactions including hyperparasites: parasites of parasites. Hyperparasites are common in nature, with the chestnut blight fungus virus CHV-1 a well-known natural example, but also notably include the phages of important human bacterial diseases. Theory on hyperparasitism has mostly focused on their impact on the evolution of virulence of their parasite host and relatively little is known about evolutionary trajectories of hyperparasites themselves. Our general modeling framework highlights the central role the that ability of a hyperparasite to be transmitted with its parasite plays in their evolution. Hyperparasites which transmit with their parasite hosts (hitchhike) will be selected for lower virulence, trending towards hypermutualism or hypercommensalism and select against causing a reduction in parasite virulence (hypovirulence). We examine the impact on the evolution of hyperparasite systems a of a wide range of host and parasite traits showing, for example, that high parasite virulence selects for higher hyperparasite virulence feeding back into selection for hypovirulence in the parasite. Our results have implications for hyperparasite research, both as biocontrol agents and for understanding of how hyperparasites shape community ecology and evolution.

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Section: 𝑑𝑆mentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The Evolutionary Dynamics of Hyperparasites

Northrup

Parratt

Rozins

et al. 2021

Preprint

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“…This is an environmentally friendly and less costly alternative to conventional chemical control using pesticides, insecticides, or fungicides 1 – 5 . In many cases, biological control agents are parasites, parasitoids, or pathogens: by infecting their host, they reduce fitness and increase the mortality rate of the target pest species 6 – 8 . Usually, a biological control agent is a specialist (e.g.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Revisiting implementation of multiple natural enemies in pest management

Alharbi

Sandhu

Areshi

et al. 2022

Sci Rep

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A major goal of biological control is the reduction and/or eradication of pests using various natural enemies, in particular, via deliberate infection of the target species by parasites. To enhance the biological control, a promising strategy seems to implement a multi-enemy assemblage rather than a single control agent. Although a large body of theoretical studies exists on co-infections in epidemiology and ecology, there is still a big gap in modelling outcomes of multi-enemy biological control. Here we theoretically investigate how the efficiency of biological control of a pest depends on the number of natural enemies used. We implement a combination of eco-epidemiological modelling and the Adaptive Dynamics game theory framework. We found that a progressive addition of parasite species increases the evolutionarily stable virulence of each parasite, and thus enhances the mortality of the target pest. However, using multiple enemies may have only a marginal effect on the success of biological control, or can even be counter-productive when the number of enemies is excessive. We found the possibility of evolutionary suicide, where one or several parasite species go extinct over the course of evolution. Finally, we demonstrate an interesting scenario of coexistence of multiple parasites at the edge of extinction.

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“…connections between species, even their evolution (Parratt and Laine, 2016;Sandhu et al, 2021). Several studies on multitrophic relationships have targeted hyperparasites in biological control strategies (Verkerk et al, 1998;Tougeron and Tena, 2019).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Focus on Hyperparasites: Biotic and Abiotic Traits Affecting the Prevalence of Parasitic Microfungi on Bat Ectoparasites

et al. 2022

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The tritrophic association of bats, bat flies, and Laboulbeniales microfungi is a remarkably understudied system that may reveal patterns applicable to community ecology theory of (hyper)parasites. Laboulbeniales are biotrophic microfungi, exclusively associated with arthropods, with several species that are specialized on bat flies, which themselves are permanent ectoparasites of bats. Several hypotheses were tested on biotic and abiotic traits that may influence the presence and prevalence of hyperparasitic Laboulbeniales fungi on bat flies, based on southeastern European data. We found a wide distribution of fungal infection on bat flies, with underground-dwelling bats hosting more Laboulbeniales-infected flies compared to crevice-dwelling species. Bat host behavior, sociality, roost selection (underground versus crevice), bat fly sex, and season all have significant effects on the prevalence of fungal infection. Laboulbeniales infections are more common on bat flies that are infecting bat species with dense and long-lasting colonies (Miniopterus schreibersii, Myotis myotis, Myotis blythii), which roost primarily in underground sites. Inside these sites, elevated temperature and humidity may enhance the development and transmission of Laboulbeniales fungi. Sexual differences in bat hosts’ behavior also have an effect on fungal infection risk, with densely roosting female bat hosts harboring more Laboulbeniales-infected bat flies.

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Revisiting the Role of Hyperparasitism in the Evolution of Virulence

Cited by 20 publications

References 57 publications

The Evolutionary Dynamics of Hyperparasites

The Evolutionary Dynamics of Hyperparasites

Revisiting implementation of multiple natural enemies in pest management

Focus on Hyperparasites: Biotic and Abiotic Traits Affecting the Prevalence of Parasitic Microfungi on Bat Ectoparasites

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