Revisiting the proportion of clean household energy users in rural China by accounting for energy stacking

Shen, Guofeng; Xing, Ran; Zhou, Yousong; Jiao, Xiaoqiao; Luo, Zhihan; Xiong, Rui; Huang, Wenxiu; Yanlin, Tian; Chen, Yuanchen; Du, Wei; Shen, Huizhong; Cheng, Hefa; Zhu, Dongqiang; Tao, Shu

doi:10.1016/j.horiz.2022.100010

Cited by 16 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 34 publications

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“…Clean and sustainable household energy is an important part of Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 7—affordable and clean energy—and is closely related to other SDGs, such as good health and well-being (SDG 3), climate action (SDG 13), life on land (SDG 15) and gender equality (SDG 5) [ 1 ]. Although the global number of people with access to electricity increased to 90% by 2018, 789 million people still did not have electricity [ 2 , 3 ], and nearly 2.8 billion people still heavily relied on traditional solid fuels (coal, crop straws, wood, animal dung, etc.) as their main residential energy sources [ 2 , 4 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Substantial transition to clean household energy mix in rural China

Shen

Xiong

Yanlin

et al. 2022

National Science Review

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The household energy mix has significant impacts on human health and climate, as it contributes greatly to many health- and climate-relevant air pollutants. Compared to the well-established urban energy statistical system, the rural household energy statistical system is incomplete and is often associated with high biases. Via a nationwide investigation, this study revealed high contributions to energy supply from coal and biomass fuels in the rural household energy sector, while electricity comprised ∼20%. Stacking (the use of multiple sources of energy) is significant, and the average number of energy types was 2.8 per household. Compared to 2012, the consumption of biomass and coals in 2017 decreased by 45% and 12%, respectively, while the gas consumption amount increased by 204%. Increased gas and decreased coal consumptions were mainly in cooking, while decreased biomass was in both cooking (41%) and heating (59%). The time-sharing fraction of electricity and gases (E&G) for daily cooking grew, reaching 69% in 2017, but for space heating, traditional solid fuels were still dominant, with the national average shared fraction of E&G being only 20%. The non-uniform spatial distribution and the non-linear increase in the fraction of E&G indicated challenges to achieving universal access to modern cooking energy by 2030, particularly in less-developed rural and mountainous areas. In some non-typical heating zones, the increased share of E&G for heating was significant and largely driven by income growth, but in typical heating zones, the time-sharing fraction was <5% and was not significantly increased, except in areas with policy intervention. The intervention policy not only led to dramatic increases in the clean energy fraction for heating but also accelerated the clean cooking transition. Higher income, higher education, younger age, less energy/stove stacking and smaller family size positively impacted the clean energy transition.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Substantial transition to clean household energy mix in rural China

Shen

Xiong

Yanlin

et al. 2022

National Science Review

Self Cite

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“…The issue of clean and sustainable household energy is deemed an important part of the sustainable development goals of the United Nations. 15 , 16 In response to the challenges of achieving carbon neutrality and battling air pollution, the Chinese government implemented the Air Pollution Prevention and Control Action Plan in 2013, a series of regulatory measures including reducing the residential use of unclean fuels. 17 Consequently, residential energy has rapidly transitioned from solid fuels to clean fuels, such as natural gas, liquefied petroleum gas, and electricity.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Residential energy transition and chronic respiratory diseases

Wei,

Yu,

Chen

et al. 2024

The Innovation

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“…There are half a billion people (40% of total population) in mainland China living in rural areas [ 12 ], with more than three-fourths of these rural households using solid fuels for cooking [ 13 ]. Incomplete combustion of solid fuels produces compounds such as carbon monoxide, sulphur dioxide, black carbon and PM 2.5 (fine particulate matter with a diameter of less or equal to 2.5 μm) [ 14 ]. Concentrations of PM 2.5 from household air pollution due to cooking with solid fuels can be substantially high, causing up to 40% higher PM 2.5 exposure compared with the indoor and outdoor environments [ 15 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Household air pollution from solid fuel use and depression among adults in rural China: evidence from the China Kadoorie Biobank data

et al. 2023

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Background Solid fuels are still widely used for cooking in rural China, leading to various health implications. Yet, studies on household air pollution and its impact on depression remain scarce. Using baseline data from the China Kadoorie Biobank (CKB) study, we aimed to investigate the relationship between solid fuel use for cooking and depression among adults in rural China. Methods Data on exposure to household air pollution from cooking with solid fuels were collected and the Chinese version of the World Health Organization Composite International Diagnostic Interview short-form (CIDI-SF) was used to evaluate the status of major depressive episode. Logistic regression analysis was performed to investigate the association between solid fuel use for cooking and depression. Results Amongst 283,170 participants, 68% of them used solid fuels for cooking. A total of 2,171 (0.8%) participants reported of having a major depressive episode in the past 12 months. Adjusted analysis showed that participants who had exposure to solid fuels used for cooking for up to 20 years, more than 20 to 35 years, and more than 35 years were 1.09 (95% CI: 0.94–1.27), 1.18 (95% CI: 1.01–1.38), and 1.19 (95% CI: 1.01–1.40) times greater odds of having a major depressive episode, respectively, compared with those who had no previous exposure to solid fuels used for cooking. Conclusion The findings highlight that longer exposure to solid fuels used for cooking would be associated with increased odds of major depressive episode. In spite of the uncertainty of causal relationship between them, using solid fuels for cooking can lead to undesirable household air pollution. Reducing the use of solid fuels for cooking by promoting the use of clean energy should be encouraged.

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Revisiting the proportion of clean household energy users in rural China by accounting for energy stacking

Cited by 16 publications

References 34 publications

Substantial transition to clean household energy mix in rural China

Substantial transition to clean household energy mix in rural China

Residential energy transition and chronic respiratory diseases

Household air pollution from solid fuel use and depression among adults in rural China: evidence from the China Kadoorie Biobank data

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