“…Despite terminology disagreement, researchers largely agree that these three systems capture the range of available reference frames needed to generate and/or interpret spatial descriptions. Which frame predominates varies on the basis of numerous factors, including language or culture (e.g., Abarbanell, Montana, & Li, 2011;Emmorey, Tversky, & Taylor, 2000;Haun, Rapold, Janzen, & Levinson, 2011;Levinson, Kita, Haun, & Rasch, 2002;Li, Abarbanell, Gleitman, & Papafragou, 2011;Li & Gleitman, 2002). Although relevant to spatial language processing, issues of language and culture are beyond the scope of the current chapter.…”