Revisiting the Old and Golden Inorganic Material, Zirconium Phosphate: Synthesis, Intercalation, Surface Functionalization, and Metal Ion Uptake

Bashir, Arshid; Ahad, Sozia; Malik, Lateef Ahmad; Qureashi, Aaliya; Manzoor, Taniya; Dar, G. N.; Pandith, Altaf Hussain

doi:10.1021/acs.iecr.0c04957

Cited by 37 publications

(16 citation statements)

References 286 publications

(718 reference statements)

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“…The last 10 years of zirconium phosphate research has brought exciting new possibilities. More and more researchers are entering the field and are finding new applications for these materials such as ecofriendly nano flame retardants, toxic heavy metal removal for wastewater treatments, solar energy conversion, biomedicine, polymer nanocomposites, nuclear waste remediation, tribology, tissue repair, and anticorrosion additives, among many others. − , The state of this field is very strong. Our dear old material has indeed a very bright future.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The inorganic layered material zirconium phosphate (Zr(HPO 4 ) 2 ·H 2 O, α-ZrP) has a long and illustrious history. − After initial work on the synthesis of amorphous ZrP, strong interest in this material surged in the 1950s as its ion-exchange properties were found to be excellent for wastewater remediation in the nuclear industry . In 1964, Stynes and Clearfield reported for the first time the synthesis of crystalline ZrP using reflux methods with high concentrations of H 3 PO 4 , which opened new opportunities to explore the characteristics and properties of this material.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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New Applications of Zirconium Phosphate Nanomaterials

et al. 2021

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Conspectus The 2-D layers of the inorganic ion exchanger α-zirconium phosphate (Zr(HPO4)2·H2O, α-ZrP) make this compound particularly stable to low pH, high temperature, and ionizing radiation. Initially studied for its ion exchange properties, once the conditions for its synthesis in crystalline form was accomplished by James Stynes and Abraham Clearfield in 1964, numerous other types of studies and applications followed. Extensive studies in the 1960s and 1970s on the thermodynamics of ion exchange led to insights into the intercalation mechanism of this material. The Clearfield group solved the crystal structure in 1968 and refined it in 1977. Powder methods were pioneered by the Clearfield group to solve the structure of this type of materials. In 1968 Giulio Alberti reported means to prepare zirconium phosphonates expanding the chemistry of these layered compounds. New phases of ZrP were also discovered (e.g., γ, θ, λ, τ) and the applications ranged from heterogeneous catalysis to intercalation chemistry and solid-state proton conductors. Methods to exfoliate the layers of ZrP were developed in the 1990s as interest grew in new applications of these types of materials. For example, protein and enzyme intercalation was accomplished starting in the 1990s by the McLendon, Mallouk, and Kumar groups. In the early 2000s, the Colón group pioneered the use of the θ phase of ZrP for the direct intercalation of large inorganic metal complexes that could not be directly intercalated into the α phase. Initial studies in the Colón group ranged from applications of these directly intercalated ZrP derivatives in photophysics and photochemistry, amperometric biosensors, vapochromism, and vapoluminescence. Over the past decade, new applications of these materials have been developed in anticancer drug delivery and electrocatalysis of the oxygen evolution reaction (OER). ZrP has now proven to be a promising drug nanocarrier and its unique chemical microenvironment provided by the α-type layers and the interlayer space enhances catalytic activity for numerous types of reactions. Further elucidation of the catalytic active species under operando conditions as well as the chemical structure of drug-intercalated derivatives should provide new insights that will advance the design and development of new compounds with desired properties. The initial pioneering efforts of Clearfield and Alberti are being continued by numerous research groups providing new exciting areas of development on the chemistry of layered M(IV) phosphate and phosphonate compounds. In this Account we present the efforts of the Colón group during the past decade on studies of the applications of ZrP for anticancer drug delivery and electrocatalysis of the OER.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

New Applications of Zirconium Phosphate Nanomaterials

et al. 2021

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“…[36] Concretely, Zr(HPO 4 ) 2 •H 2 O (α-ZrP) is the most widely investigated because it possess trenchant plates, and the thin plates of α-ZrP have the same structure and parallel with each other. [37] In recent years, more and more researchers have utilized the ion-exchange properties of α-ZrP to optimize its applications in different fields. [38][39][40][41] α-ZrP has a layered structure, in which Zr atoms lie almost in plane and are bridged by the phosphate moiety.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Cationic Ru(II) Complex Intercalated into Zirconium Phosphate Layers Catalyzes Selective Hydrogenation via Heterolytic Hydrogen Activation

Chen

Xia

et al. 2021

ChemCatChem

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Catalytic hydrogenations constitute economic and clean transformations to produce pharmaceutical and a multitude of fine chemicals in chemical industry. Herein, we report a cationic Ru(II) complex intercalated into zirconium phosphate (ZrP) layers that enables the efficient catalytic conversion of furfural and other biomass-derived carbonyl compounds into the corresponding alcohols through selective hydrogenation of C=O group. The ZrP layers acted not only as a support for the Ru-complex, but also as the new ligands to tune the Ru(II) center via forming RuÀ O bond. The resulting catalysts exhibit excellent catalytic performance and can be easily recycled for six times without significant loss of activity and selectivity. The Ru(II) complex-intercalated catalysts have been characterized by XRD, SEM, HRTEM, HAADF-STEM, XPS, FT-IR, DR-UV/Vis, EXAFS and XANES. Especially, it is observed that the appropriate interlayer spacing between ZrP layers is favorable to stabilize the Ru(II) complex. Notably, on the basis of the further characterization and density functional theory (DFT) calculation, it is identified that the interaction of cationic Ru(II) complex and PÀ OH group within ZrP layers leads to the high catalytic performance in selective hydrogenation, and the newly formed RuÀ OÀ P species plays a crucial role in the heterolytic hydrogen activation and selective hydrogenation of biomass-derived compounds containing a carbonyl group.

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“…Many studies were performed to develop new synthesis methods for ZrPmaterials and to explore its prospective applications, because of its outstanding chemical and physical properties [6][7][8]. Among these methods, the hydrothermal method has the advantage of resulting in highly crystalline layered α-ZrP structures with a narrow particle size distribution and controlled morphology [9]. α-ZrP has gained a considerable interest owing to the ease of controlling its structure and facile exfoliation into few or single-layered entities with all the consequent possibilities of enhancing its intercalation capacity and increasing tremendously its surface area to mass ratio [10][11][12][13][14][15][16].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Nanolayered Metal Phosphates as Biocompatible Reservoirs for Antimicrobial Silver Nanoparticles

et al. 2021

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There is an increasing demand on synthesizing pharmaceuticals and biomaterials that possess antimicrobial and/or antiviral activities. In this respective silver nanoparticles are known for their excellent antimicrobial activity. Nevertheless, their uncontrolled release in a biological medium can induce a cytotoxic effect. For this, we explored the use of nanolayered metal phosphates based on titanium and zirconium as materials that can be enriched with silver nanoparticles. Employing the hydrothermal route, crystalline α-phases of zirconium and titanium phosphates (α-ZrP, α-TiP) were synthesized and there after surface-enriched with silver nanoparticles. The structural assessment confirmed the stability of the structures and their sizes are in the nanoscale at least in one dimension. The cytocompatibility assays confirmed the biocompatibility of the pristine phases and the antimicrobial assay confirmed that both silver-enriched nanolayered structures maintain an antibacterial effect at reasonably low concentrations.

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Revisiting the Old and Golden Inorganic Material, Zirconium Phosphate: Synthesis, Intercalation, Surface Functionalization, and Metal Ion Uptake

Cited by 37 publications

References 286 publications

New Applications of Zirconium Phosphate Nanomaterials

New Applications of Zirconium Phosphate Nanomaterials

A Cationic Ru(II) Complex Intercalated into Zirconium Phosphate Layers Catalyzes Selective Hydrogenation via Heterolytic Hydrogen Activation

Nanolayered Metal Phosphates as Biocompatible Reservoirs for Antimicrobial Silver Nanoparticles

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